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- Title
- Modulation of cholera toxin structure and function by host proteins.
- Creator
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Burress, Helen, Teter, Kenneth, Self, William, Zervos, Antonis, Tatulian, Suren, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Cholera toxin (CT) moves from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the catalytic CTA1 subunit separates from the holotoxin and unfolds due to its intrinsic thermal instability. Unfolded CTA1 then moves through an ER translocon pore to reach its cytosolic target. Due to the instability of CTA1, it must be actively refolded in the cytosol to achieve the proper conformation for modification of its G protein target. The cytosolic heat shock protein Hsp90 is involved with the...
Show moreCholera toxin (CT) moves from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the catalytic CTA1 subunit separates from the holotoxin and unfolds due to its intrinsic thermal instability. Unfolded CTA1 then moves through an ER translocon pore to reach its cytosolic target. Due to the instability of CTA1, it must be actively refolded in the cytosol to achieve the proper conformation for modification of its G protein target. The cytosolic heat shock protein Hsp90 is involved with the ER-to-cytosol translocation of CTA1, yet the mechanistic role of Hsp90 in CTA1 translocation remains unknown. Potential post-translocation roles for Hsp90 in modulating the activity of cytosolic CTA1 are also unknown. Here, we show by isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy that Hsp90 induces a gain-of-structure in disordered CTA1 at physiological temperature. Only the ATP-bound form of Hsp90 interacts with disordered CTA1, and its refolding of CTA1 is dependent upon ATP hydrolysis. In vitro reconstitution of the CTA1 translocation event likewise required ATP hydrolysis by Hsp90. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments found that Hsp90 does not release CTA1, even after ATP hydrolysis and the return of CTA1 to a folded conformation. The interaction with Hsp90 allowed disordered CTA1 to attain an active state and did not prevent further stimulation of toxin activity by ADP-ribosylation factor 6, a host cofactor for CTA1. This activity is consistent with its role as a chaperone that refolds endogenous cytosolic proteins as part of a foldosome complex consisting of Hsp90, Hop, Hsp40, p23, and Hsc70. A role for Hsc70 in CT intoxication has not yet been established. Here, biophysical, biochemical, and cell-based assays demonstrate Hsp90 and Hsc70 play overlapping roles in the processing of CTA1. Using SPR we determined that Hsp90 and Hsc70 could bind independently to CTA1 at distinct locations with high affinity, even in the absence of the Hop linker. Studies using isotope-edited FTIR spectroscopy found that, like Hsp90, Hsc70 induces a gain-of-structure in unfolded CTA1. The interaction between CTA1 and Hsc70 is essential for intoxication, as an RNAi-induced loss of the Hsc70 protein generates a toxin-resistant phenotype. Further analysis using isotope-edited FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that the addition of both Hsc70 and Hsp90 to unfolded CTA1 produced a gain-of-structure above that of the individual chaperones. Our data suggest that CTA1 translocation involves a ratchet mechanism which couples the Hsp90-mediated refolding of CTA1 with extraction from the ER. The subsequent binding of Hsc70 further refolds CTA1 in a manner not previously observed in foldosome complex formation. The interaction of CTA1 with these chaperones is essential to intoxication and this work elucidates details of the intoxication process not previously known.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- CFE0005310, ucf:50511
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005310
- Title
- Identification of proteins regulating VLDL sorting into the VLDL Transport Vesicle (VTV) and involved in the biogenesis of the VTV.
- Creator
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Tiwari, Samata, Siddiqi, Shadab, Zervos, Antonis, Singla, Dinender, Naser, Saleh, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Increased secretion of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein, by the liver causes hypertriglyceridemia, which is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The rate of VLDL-secretion from the liver is determined by its controlled transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. The ER-to-Golgi transport of newly synthesized VLDL is a complex multi-step process and is mediated by the VLDL transport vesicle (VTV). Once a nascent VLDL...
Show moreIncreased secretion of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein, by the liver causes hypertriglyceridemia, which is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The rate of VLDL-secretion from the liver is determined by its controlled transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. The ER-to-Golgi transport of newly synthesized VLDL is a complex multi-step process and is mediated by the VLDL transport vesicle (VTV). Once a nascent VLDL particle is synthesized in the lumen of the ER, it triggers the process of VTV-biogenesis and this process requires coat complex II (COPII) proteins that mediate the formation of classical protein transport vesicles (PTV). Even though, both VTV and PTV bud off the same ER at the same time and require the same COPII proteins, their cargos and sizes are different. The VTV specifically exports VLDL to the Golgi and excludes hepatic secretory proteins such as albumin and the size of the VTV is larger (~ 100 -120 nm) than PTV to accommodate VLDL-sized particles. These observations indicate (i) the existence of a sorting mechanism at the level of the ER; and (ii) the involvement of proteins in addition to COPII components. This doctoral thesis is focused on identification of proteins regulating VLDL sorting into the VTV and involved in the biogenesis of the VTV. In order to identify proteins present exclusively in VTV, we have characterized the proteome of VTV, which suggest CideB (cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector b) and SVIP (small VCP/P97 interacting protein) as candidates, present in VTV but excluded from PTV. We further confirmed the finding by performing co-immunoprecipitation studies and confocal microscopy studies. CideB, a 26-kDa protein was found to interact with apolipoprotein B100 (apoB 100), the structural protein of VLDL. Moreover, CideB interacts with two of the COPII components, Sar1 and Sec24. VTV generation was examined after blocking CideB by specific antibodies and by silencing CideB in rat primary hepatocytes. Knockdown of CideB in primary hepatocytes showed significant reduction in VTV generation, however, CideB was concentrated in VTV as compared with the ER suggesting its functional role in the sorting of VLDL into the VTV. SVIP, a small (~ 9-kDa) protein was found to interact with Sar1, a COPII component that initiates the budding of vesicles from ER membrane. SVIP has sites for myristoylation and we found increased recruitment of SVIP on ER membrane upon myristic acid (MA) treatment. Sar1 that lacks sites for myristoylation also is recruited more on ER upon myristoylation indicating that SVIP promotes Sar1 recruitment on ER. Additionally, our data suggest that Sar1 interacts with SVIP and forms a multimer that facilitates the biogenesis of VTV. Interestingly, silencing of SVIP reduced the VTV generation significantly. Conversely, incubation with MA increased the VTV budding, suggesting recruitment of SVIP on ER surface facilitates the VTV budding. We conclude that SVIP recruits Sar1 on ER membrane and makes an intricate COPII coat leading to the formation of a large vesicle, the VTV. Overall, the data presented in this thesis, determines the role of CideB and SVIP in regulating VLDL sorting and VTV biogenesis.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- CFE0005270, ucf:50553
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005270
- Title
- Manipulation of host signal transduction pathways and cytoskeleton functions by invasive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes and Chlamydia trachomatis.
- Creator
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Jiwani, Shahanawaz, Jewett, Travis, Zervos, Antonis, Khaled, Annette, Teter, Kenneth, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Infectious disease remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many bacteria that cause disease have the capacity to enter into eukaryotic cells such as epithelial cells and tissue macrophages. Gaining access into the intracellular environment is one of the most critical steps in their survival and/or in pathogenesis. The entry mechanisms employed by these organisms vary considerably, but most mechanisms involve sabotaging and manipulating host cell functions....
Show moreInfectious disease remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many bacteria that cause disease have the capacity to enter into eukaryotic cells such as epithelial cells and tissue macrophages. Gaining access into the intracellular environment is one of the most critical steps in their survival and/or in pathogenesis. The entry mechanisms employed by these organisms vary considerably, but most mechanisms involve sabotaging and manipulating host cell functions. Invasion of epithelial cells involves triggering host signal transduction mechanisms to induce cytoskeleton rearrangement, thereby facilitating bacterial uptake. My work focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms employed by bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and Chlamydia trachomatis to gain access into the host cells in order to cause the disease.In first part of my thesis I investigated the mechanism of Listeria monocytogenes entry. Listeria, a facultative intracellular organism, is responsible for causing meningitis, septicemia, gastroenteritis and abortions. Critical for Listeria virulence is its ability to get internalized, replicates and spread into adjacent host cells. One of the pathways of Listeria internalization into mammalian cells is promoted by binding of its surface protein Internalin B (InlB) to host receptor MET. Studies done in the past demonstrated a critical role of host type IA Phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase in controlling cytoskeleton rearrangement and entry of Listeria downstream of MET. An important unresolved question was how activation of PI3K results in cytoskeleton rearrangements that promote Listeria entry. In this work, we identified 9 host signaling molecules, that includes Rab 5c, SWAP 70, GIT1, PDK1, mTor, ARAP2, ARNO, DAPP1 (&) PKC-?, acting downstream of type IA Phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase to regulate changes in host cytoskeleton to cause Listeria entry.Second part of my thesis involved studying the functions of chlamydial effector protein Tarp in its invasion. Infection caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted disease resulting in uro-genital diseases, LGV, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. It is also responsible for causing trachoma, the leading cause of preventable blindness in third world countries. Being an obligate intracellular pathogen, gaining access into intracellular environment is the most critical step in lifecycle and pathogenesis of Chlamydia. Previous studies demonstrate the role of both chlamydial and host actin nucleators, Tarp and Arp2/3 complex respectively, in mediating Chlamydial entry into non-phagocytic cells. But the molecular details of these processes were not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate novel function of Tarp protein to form actin bundles by its ability to bind filamentous actin through newly identified FAB domains. And we also provide bio-chemical evidence that Tarp and Arp2/3 complex works in conjunction to cause changes in host cytoskeleton that effectively culminate into bacterial uptake by host cells.Overall, this research was a significant step in enhancing our understanding, at a molecular level, to pathogenesis of infections caused by Listeria monocytogenes and Chlamydia trachomatis.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2012
- Identifier
- CFE0004555, ucf:49225
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004555
- Title
- Cerium oxide nanoparticles act as a unique catalyst and scavenge nitric oxide and peroxynitrite and decrease RNS in vitro and in vivo.
- Creator
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Dowding, Janet, Self, William, Bossy-Wetzel, Ella, Zervos, Antonis, Seal, Sudipta, Santra, Swadeshmukul, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs)(nanoceria) have been shown to possess a substantial oxygen storage capacity via the interchangeable surface reduction and oxidation of cerium atoms, cycling between the Ce4+ and Ce3+ redox states. Reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ causes oxygen vacancies or defects on the surface of the crystalline lattice structure of the particles, generating a cage for redox reactions to occur. The study of the chemical and biological properties of CeO2 NPs has expanded...
Show moreCerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs)(nanoceria) have been shown to possess a substantial oxygen storage capacity via the interchangeable surface reduction and oxidation of cerium atoms, cycling between the Ce4+ and Ce3+ redox states. Reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ causes oxygen vacancies or defects on the surface of the crystalline lattice structure of the particles, generating a cage for redox reactions to occur. The study of the chemical and biological properties of CeO2 NPs has expanded recently, and the methods used to synthesize these materials are also quite diverse. This has led to a plethora of studies describing various preparations of CeO2 NPs for potential use in both industry and for biomedical research. Our own work has centered on studies that measure the ability of water-based CeO2 NPs materials to reduce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in biological systems, and correlating changes in surface chemistry and charge to the catalytic nature of the particles. The application in experimental and biomedical research of CeO2 NPs began with the discovery that water-based cerium oxide nanoparticles could act as superoxide dismutase mimetics followed by their ability to reduce hydrogen dioxide similar to catalase. While their ROS scavenging ability was well established, their ability to interact with specific RNS species, specifically nitric oxide (NO) or peroxynitrite (ONOO-) was not known. The studies described in this dissertation focus on the study of RNS and cerium oxide nanoparticles.Our in vitro work revealed that CeO2 NPs that have higher levels of reduced cerium sites (3+) at the surface (which are effective SOD mimetics) are also capable of accelerating the decay of peroxynitrite in vitro. In contrast, CeO2 NPs that have fewer reduced cerium sites at the particle surface (which also exhibit better catalase mimetic activity) have NO scavenging capabilities as well as some reactivity with peroxynitrite. Our studies and many others have shown cerium oxide nanoparticles can reduce ROS and RNS in cell culture or animal models. The accumulation of ROS and RNS is a common feature of many diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Testing our CeO2 NPS in cortical neurons, we used addition of A? peptide as an AD model system. CeO2 NPs delayed A?-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and neuronal cell death. When mitochondrial ROS levels are increased, mitochondrial fission is activated by DRP1 S616 phosphorylation. Specifically, our studies showed the reduction of phosphorylated DRP1 S616 in the presence of CeO2 NPs. Results from our studies have begun to unravel the molecule mechanism behind the catalytic nature of how CeO2 NPs reduce ROS/RNS in biological systems and represents an important step forward to test the potential neuroprotective effects of CeO2 NPs in model systems of AD.A plethora of studies describing various preparations of CeO2 NPs for potential use in both industry and for biomedical research have been described in the past five years. It has become apparent that the outcomes of CeO2 NPs exposure can vary as much as the synthesis methods and cell types tested. In an effort to understand the disparity in reports describing the toxicity or protective effects of exposure to CeO2 NPs, we compared CeO2 NPs synthesized by three different methods; H2O2 (CNP1), NH4OH (CNP2) or hexamethylenetetramine (HMT-CNP1). Exposure to HMT-CNP1 led to reduced metabolic activity (MTT) at a 10-fold lower concentration than CNP1 or CNP2 and surprisingly, exposure to HMT-CNP1 led to substantial decreases in the ATP levels. Mechanistic studies revealed that HMT-CNP1 and CNP2 exhibited robust ATPase (phosphatase) activity, whereas CNP1 lacked ATPase activity. HMT-CNP1 were taken up into HUVECs far more efficiently than the other preparations of CeO2 NPs. Taken together, these results suggest the combination of increased uptake and ATPase activity of HMT-CNP1 may underlie the mechanism of the toxicity of this preparation of CeO2 NPs, and may suggest ATPase activity should be considered when synthesizing CeO2 NPs for use in biomedical applications. Overall the studies have uncovered two new catalytic activities for water-based CeO2 NPs (NO scavenging and accelerated decay of peroxynitrite), demonstrated their ability to reduce RNS in an AD cell culture model as well as identifying a catalytic activity (phosphatase) that may underlie the observed toxicity of CeO2 NPs reported in other studies.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2012
- Identifier
- CFE0004782, ucf:49783
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004782
- Title
- The Role of Mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 Protease in Protein Quality Control and Mitophagy.
- Creator
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Ambivero, Camilla, Zervos, Antonis, Teter, Kenneth, Siddiqi, Shadab, Self, William, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Omi/HtrA2 is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial serine protease with dual and opposite functions that depend entirely on its subcellular localization. During apoptosis it is released to the cytoplasm where it participates in cell death. While confined in the mitochondria it has a pro-survival function that may involve the regulation of protein quality control (PQC) and mitochondrial homeostasis. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to dissect Omi/HtrA2's pathway by identifying novel interactors...
Show moreOmi/HtrA2 is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial serine protease with dual and opposite functions that depend entirely on its subcellular localization. During apoptosis it is released to the cytoplasm where it participates in cell death. While confined in the mitochondria it has a pro-survival function that may involve the regulation of protein quality control (PQC) and mitochondrial homeostasis. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to dissect Omi/HtrA2's pathway by identifying novel interactors and substrates. Our studies revealed a novel function of Omi/HtrA2 in the regulation of a Lys-63 deubiquitinating (DUB) complex. In addition, we found the mechanism by which Omi/HtrA2 protease participates in mitophagy by directly regulating the protein level of Mulan E3 ubiquitin ligase, especially during mitochondrial stress.Abro1 is a scaffold protein of the DUB complex known as BRISC (BRCC36 isopeptidase complex). In addition, Abro1 is involved in a cytoprotective pathway and is regulated by Omi/HtrA2. Three specific interactors of Abro1 protein were identified, ATF4, ATF5 and JunD, all members of the activating protein 1 (AP-1) family. We focused our studies on ATF4 since, like Abro1, it is ubiquitously expressed and is important in cell cycle regulation and survival. Abro1's interaction with ATF4 was specific and occurred only when cells were stressed. The significance of this interaction was the translocation of Abro1 from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus. These results establish a new cytoprotective function of cytoplasmic Omi/HtrA2 as a regulator of the BRISC DUB complex.Furthermore, we have recently identified the mitochondrial Mulan E3 ubiquitin ligase as a substrate of Omi/HtrA2 protease. Mulan, along with MARCH5/MITOL and RNF185, are the only three mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligases identified thus far. The function of Mulan has been linked to cell growth, cell death, and autophagy/mitophagy. To investigate Mulan's function and its control by Omi/HtrA2, E2 conjugating enzymes that form a complex with Mulan E3 ligase were identified. Four specific interacting E2s were isolated, namely Ube2E2, Ube2E3, Ube2G2, and Ube2L3. To identify substrates for each unique Mulan-E2 complex, fusion baits were used in a modified yeast two-hybrid screen. Our results suggest that Mulan participates in various pathways, depending on the nature of its E2 conjugating enzyme partner. One of the interactors isolated against the Mulan-Ube2E3 bait was the GABARAP (GABAA receptor-associated protein), a member of the Atg8 family. We characterized this interaction both in vitro and in vivo and its potential role in mitophagy. Our studies defined a new pathway by which Mulan participates in mitophagy by recruiting GABARAP to the mitochondria.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- CFE0004805, ucf:49752
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004805
- Title
- The cytopathic activity of cholera toxin requires a threshold quantity of cytosolic toxin.
- Creator
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Bader, Carly, Teter, Kenneth, Zervos, Antonis, Jewett, Travis, Tatulian, Suren, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
-
Cholera toxin (CT), secreted from Vibrio cholerae, causes a massive fluid and electrolyte efflux in the small intestine that results in life-threatening diarrhea and dehydration which impacts 3-5 million people per year. CT is secreted into the intestinal lumen but acts within the cytosol of intestinal epithelial cells. CT is an AB5 toxin that has a catalytic A1 subunit and a cell binding B subunit. CT moves from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retrograde transport. Much...
Show moreCholera toxin (CT), secreted from Vibrio cholerae, causes a massive fluid and electrolyte efflux in the small intestine that results in life-threatening diarrhea and dehydration which impacts 3-5 million people per year. CT is secreted into the intestinal lumen but acts within the cytosol of intestinal epithelial cells. CT is an AB5 toxin that has a catalytic A1 subunit and a cell binding B subunit. CT moves from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retrograde transport. Much of the toxin is transported to the lysosomes for degradation, but a secondary pool of toxin is diverted to the Golgi apparatus and then to the ER. Here the A1 subunit detaches from the rest of the toxin and enters the cytosol. The disordered conformation of free CTA1 facilitates toxin export to the cytosol by activating a quality control mechanism known as ER-associated degradation. The return to a folded structure in the cytosol allows CTA1 to attain an active conformation for modification of its Gs? target through ADP-ribosylation. This modification locks the protein in an active state which stimulates adenylate cyclase and leads to elevated levels of cAMP. A chloride channel located in the apical enterocyte membrane opens in response to signaling events induced by these elevated cAMP levels. The osmotic movement of water into the intestinal lumen that results from the chloride efflux produces the characteristic profuse watery diarrhea that is seen in intoxicated individuals.The current model of intoxication proposes only one molecule of cytosolic toxin is required to affect host cells, making therapeutic treatment nearly impossible. However, based on emerging evidence, we hypothesize a threshold quantity of toxin must be present within the cytosol of the target cell in order to elicit a cytopathic effect. Using the method of surface plasmon resonance along with toxicity assays, I have, for the first time, directly measured the efficiency of toxin delivery to the cytosol and correlated the levels of cytosolic toxin to toxin activity. I have shown CTA1 delivery from the cell surface to the cytosol is an inefficient process with only 2.3 % of the surface bound CTA1 appearing in the cytosol after 2 hours of intoxication. I have also determined and a cytosolic quantity of more than approximately .05ng of cytosolic CTA1 must be reached in order to elicit a cytopathic effect. Furthermore, CTA1 must be continually delivered from the cell surface to the cytosol in order to overcome the constant proteasome-mediated clearance of cytosolic toxin. When toxin delivery to the cytosol was blocked, this allowed the host cell to de-activate Gs?, lower cAMP levels, and recover from intoxication. Our work thus indicates it is possible to treat cholera even after the onset of disease. These findings challenge the idea of irreversible cellular toxicity and open the possibility of post-intoxication treatment options.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- CFE0004810, ucf:49759
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004810
- Title
- Novel Immunogens of Cellular Immunity Revealed using in vitro Human Cell-Based Approach.
- Creator
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Schanen, Brian, Self, William, Warren, William, Khaled, Annette, Seal, Sudipta, Zervos, Antonis, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Nanotechnology has undergone rapid expansion largely as a result of its enormous potential for applications as biomaterials, drug delivery vehicles, cancer therapeutics, and immunopotentiators. Despite this wave of interest and broad appeal for nanoparticles, evidence of their effect to the human immune system remains scarce. Concerns rise as studies on nanoparticle toxicology continue to emerge indicating that nanomaterials can be acutely toxic and can have long term inflammatory effects as...
Show moreNanotechnology has undergone rapid expansion largely as a result of its enormous potential for applications as biomaterials, drug delivery vehicles, cancer therapeutics, and immunopotentiators. Despite this wave of interest and broad appeal for nanoparticles, evidence of their effect to the human immune system remains scarce. Concerns rise as studies on nanoparticle toxicology continue to emerge indicating that nanomaterials can be acutely toxic and can have long term inflammatory effects as seen in animal models. Based on these findings and the rise in the development of nanoparticle technologies targeting in vivo applications, the urgency to characterize nanomaterial immunogenicity is paramount.Nanoparticles harbor great potential because they possess unique physicochemical properties compared to their larger counter parts as a result of quantum-size effects and their inherent large surface area to volume ratio. These physicochemical properties govern how a nanoparticle will behave in its environment. However, researchers have only just begun to catalogue the biological effect these properties illicit. We took it upon ourselves to investigate nanoparticle size-induced effects using TiO2, one of the most widely manufactured nanoparticles, as a model. We studied these effects in dendritic cells across a human donor pool. We examined dendritic cells because they have an inimitable functional role bridging the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. From this work we found that TiO2 nanoparticles can activate human dendritic cells to become pro-inflammatory in a size-dependent manner as compared to its micron-sized counterpart, revealing novel immune cell recognition and activation by a crystalline nanomaterial.Having identified nanomaterial size as a contributing feature of nanoparticle induced immunopotentiation, we became interested if additional physicochemical properties such as surface reactivity or catalytic behavior could also be immunostimulatory. Moreover, because we witnessed a stimulatory effect to dendritic cells following nanoparticle treatment, we were curious how these nanoparticle-touched dendritic cells would impact adaptive immunity. Since TiO2 acts as an oxidant we chose an antioxidant nanoparticle, CeO2, as a counterpart to explore how divergent nanoparticle surface reactivity impacts innate and adaptive immunity. We focused on the effect these nanoparticles had on human dendritic cells and TH cells as a strategy towards defining their impact to cellular immunity. Combined, we report that TiO2 nanoparticles potentiate DC maturation inducing the secretion of IL-12p70 and IL-1?, while treatment with CeO2 nanoparticles induced IL-10, a hallmark of suppression. When delivered to T cells alone TiO2 nanoparticles induced stronger proliferation in comparison to CeO2 which stimulated TReg differentiation. When co-cultured in allogeneic T cell assays, the materials directed alternate TH polarization whereby TiO2 drives largely a TH1 dominate response, whereas CeO2 was largely TH2 bias. Combined, we report a novel immunomodulatory capacity of nanomaterials with catalytic activity. While unintentional exposure to these nanomaterials could pose a serious health risk, development and targeted use of such immunomodulatory nanoparticles could provide researchers with new tools for novel adjuvant strategies or therapeutics.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2012
- Identifier
- CFE0004629, ucf:49927
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004629
