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Mathematical Modeling of Heart Rate Deflection Point in Relation to Respiratory Compensation and Treadmill Running Performance
Title
Mathematical Modeling of Heart Rate Deflection Point in Relation to Respiratory Compensation and Treadmill Running Performance.
Creator
Baker, Kayla, Fukuda, David, Hoffman, Jay, Stout, Jeffrey, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description
Heart rate deflection point (HRDP), identified as the second breakpoint in the (")intensity / heart rate(") relationship, is indicative of the anaerobic threshold (AT). This point can be determined via bi-segmental linear regression (2SEG) or through use of the maximal distance model (D-max); however, the relationship between these methods has yet to be investigated 2. Purpose: To compare the use of 2SEG and D-max methods to determine HRDP and to examine the relationship between these values...
Show moreHeart rate deflection point (HRDP), identified as the second breakpoint in the (")intensity / heart rate(") relationship, is indicative of the anaerobic threshold (AT). This point can be determined via bi-segmental linear regression (2SEG) or through use of the maximal distance model (D-max); however, the relationship between these methods has yet to be investigated 2. Purpose: To compare the use of 2SEG and D-max methods to determine HRDP and to examine the relationship between these values with a metabolic threshold, respiratory compensation point (RCP), as well as running performance [5,000 meter treadmill time trial (5Ktime)]. Methods: Nineteen recreationally active men (n=9, 25.56(&)#177;3.17 y, 1.77(&)#177;0.05 m, 83.52(&)#177;6.77 kg, 48.98(&)#177;7.37 ml(&)#183;kg(&)#183;min-1) and women (n=10, 22.78(&)#177;2.11 y, 1.64(&)#177;0.07 m, 62.28(&)#177;6.20 kg, 42.32(&)#177;4.13 ml(&)#183;kg(&)#183;min-1) were recruited for this study. Participants completed two experimental trials, consisting of a graded exercise test to exhaustion (GXT) and 5,000m time trial on the treadmill. Estimates of HRDP and RCP were calculated from data collected during the GXT. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare HRDP found through 2SEG (HRDP2SEG), HRDP found through D-max (HRDPD-max), and RCP. Pearson product moment correlations were used to examine the relationship between variables (HRDP2SEG, HRDPD-max, RCP, and 5Ktime). Results: No differences were found between HRDP2SEG (176.70(&)#177;9.40 bpm), HRDPD-max (178.18(&)#177;6.85 bpm), and RCP (176.92(&)#177;6.63 bpm) (p = 0.533). Strong correlations were found between HRDP2SEG and HRDPD-max (r = 0.831, p (<) 0.0001), RCP and HRDP2SEG (r = 0.650, p = 0.003), and RCP and HRDPD-max (r = 0.619, p = 0.005). No relationship was found between 5Ktime and HRDP2SEG (r = 0.419, p = 0.074), HRDPD-max (r = 0.241, p = 0.321), or RCP (r = 0.193, p = 0.429). Similar limits of agreement were found for all comparisons (HRDP2SEG and RCP, p = 0.070; HRDPD-max and RCP, p = 0.868; HRDP2SEG and HRDPD-max, p = 0.029), however, systematic bias was found between HRDP2SEG and HRDPD-max. Conclusion: Based on these results, HRDP2SEG and HRDPD-max could potentially be used interchangeably as methods to determine HRDP. However, the potential for systematic bias must be taken into consideration. Additionally, the results indicate that RCP and HRDP may provide similar estimates of the anaerobic threshold, but none of these thresholds appear to be related to 5Ktime on a treadmill.
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Date Issued
2016
Identifier
CFE0006070, ucf:50944
Format
Document (PDF)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0006070
A mixed-methods approach to understanding the relationship between mental toughness and the effect of music on exercise performance
Title
A mixed-methods approach to understanding the relationship between mental toughness and the effect of music on exercise performance.
Creator
Baker, Kayla, Garcia, Jeanette, Stout, Jeffrey, Fukuda, David, Fisher, Thomas, Dawson, Nicole, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description
Previous research has investigated the use of music as an ergogenic aid for exercise performance; however, the effect of music on exercise may differ between individuals of varying levels of mental toughness (MT). Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of MT on the effect of listening to music during exercise. Methods: The current study used a counter-balanced design, utilizing a mixed-methods approach. Thirty-one recreationally-active individuals (22.13 (&)...
Show morePrevious research has investigated the use of music as an ergogenic aid for exercise performance; however, the effect of music on exercise may differ between individuals of varying levels of mental toughness (MT). Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of MT on the effect of listening to music during exercise. Methods: The current study used a counter-balanced design, utilizing a mixed-methods approach. Thirty-one recreationally-active individuals (22.13 (&)#177; 2.11 yrs, 1.73 (&)#177; .10 m, 75.68 (&)#177; 14.67 kg, 42.89 (&)#177; 5.31 mL(&)#183;kg(&)#183;min-1; 65.5% males) were recruited for this study. Participants completed an initial visit to complete a MT questionnaire and create a personalized music playlist of at least 15 songs. Participants completed two familiarization trials and a VO2max test on the treadmill, all on separate days. The experimental trials consisted of two separate conditions: 1) no music (NM); and 2) self-selected music (SSM). For each experimental trial, participants performed a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) run at 80% of their VO2max, separated by at least 48 hours, followed by a post-study interview. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to investigate relationships between performance variables and MT. Moderated regression analysis was used to determine a potential order effect, as well as a potential moderating effect of MT on change in performance between NM and SSM groups. Linear regression analysis was used to determine a potential relationship between MT and change in performance between NM and SSM groups. An alpha level of p ? 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. All qualitative data from post-study interviews was transcribed, coded, and categorized into primary themes. All statistical analyses was conducted via the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software for Windows version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results: Averages were calculated for MT (156.39 (&)#177; 9.38), TTESSM (14.18 (&)#177; 4.79 minutes), and TTENM (12.23 (&)#177; 5.24 minutes). Correlations were found between VO2max and TTESSM, TTENM, and MT (r = 0.390, p = 0.030; r = 0.519, p = 0.003; r = 0.404, p = 0.024; respectively). Moderated regression analysis revealed a non-significant interaction between MT, music, and order, indicating no order effect (? = -0.416, p = 0.735). Independent samples t-tests revealed no significant difference in MT, performance, or VO2maz between groups of participants who received music first or music second, indicating no effect of order (F = 0.388; p = 0.538; F = 0.537; p = 0.470; F = 0.070; p = 0.794; respectively. Moderated regression analysis, via linear regression, determined no significant moderating effect of MT on the change in performance between trials (?TTE) (F (3, 58) = 0.958, r = 0.217, p = 0.498). Linear regression, however, revealed a significant main effect of MT, indicating an inverse relationship between MT and ?TTE (F (1, 29) = 4.417, r = -0.634, p = 0.044). Discussion: The results from the current study indicate that greater levels of MT were associated with less change between the two performance trials, however, there were no significant relationships between MT or performance with self-selected music. This finding suggests that individuals with greater MT may demonstrate consistent patterns of performance, irrespective of the presence of external factors. Understanding the effects of MT and how external and internal stimuli affect performance may allow exercise professionals to tailor their training or rehabilitation programs to each individual, therefore increasing exercise performance and adherence.
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Date Issued
2019
Identifier
CFE0007428, ucf:52736
Format
Document (PDF)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007428