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Grandma got passed over by a manager: The intersection of age and gender in hiring
Title
Grandma got passed over by a manager: The intersection of age and gender in hiring.
Creator
Perez, Alyssa, Fritzsche, Barbara, Dawson, Nicole, Shoss, Mindy, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description
Research has demonstrated how age stereotypes influence judgment and decision making at work, but older workers are more than just older. All individuals are members of multiple demographic categories, yet we know surprisingly little about how multiple category membership affects judgments and decision making at work. Competing models have been suggested, such as the category activation and inhibition model (Kulik et al., 2007) and the intersectional salience of ageism at work model (Marcus (...
Show moreResearch has demonstrated how age stereotypes influence judgment and decision making at work, but older workers are more than just older. All individuals are members of multiple demographic categories, yet we know surprisingly little about how multiple category membership affects judgments and decision making at work. Competing models have been suggested, such as the category activation and inhibition model (Kulik et al., 2007) and the intersectional salience of ageism at work model (Marcus (&) Fritzsche, 2015). However, empirical tests of these models are scarce. In the present study, the age and gender of job applicants were manipulated in a mock job interview. Job context was also manipulated through a recruitment ad that described the ideal applicant using age and gender stereotypic language. One hundred and seventy-three human resource professionals rated the mock interview. It was expected that when the demographic characteristics of the job applicant matched the stereotypes identified by the job ad, hiring professionals would rate the applicant as more suitable in hireability, qualifications, and recommended starting salary. Results showed a bias against older job applicants, as they were rated as less qualified and as requiring higher starting salaries than younger job applicants, even though their interview transcripts were identical. Moreover, a 3-way interaction showed that the highest salaries were suggested for older job applicants whose gender matched the gender stereotypes presented in the job ad. These results illustrate a hurdle faced by older workers; they will be perceived as less capable yet more expensive. Ageism emerged as the most salient category in this study of individuals seeking re-employment beyond traditional working age, but the results suggest intersectional effects as well. Future research should further examine how ageism is experienced by different multi-group members in other job contexts.
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Date Issued
2019
Identifier
CFE0007511, ucf:52637
Format
Document (PDF)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007511
A mixed-methods approach to understanding the relationship between mental toughness and the effect of music on exercise performance
Title
A mixed-methods approach to understanding the relationship between mental toughness and the effect of music on exercise performance.
Creator
Baker, Kayla, Garcia, Jeanette, Stout, Jeffrey, Fukuda, David, Fisher, Thomas, Dawson, Nicole, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description
Previous research has investigated the use of music as an ergogenic aid for exercise performance; however, the effect of music on exercise may differ between individuals of varying levels of mental toughness (MT). Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of MT on the effect of listening to music during exercise. Methods: The current study used a counter-balanced design, utilizing a mixed-methods approach. Thirty-one recreationally-active individuals (22.13 (&)...
Show morePrevious research has investigated the use of music as an ergogenic aid for exercise performance; however, the effect of music on exercise may differ between individuals of varying levels of mental toughness (MT). Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of MT on the effect of listening to music during exercise. Methods: The current study used a counter-balanced design, utilizing a mixed-methods approach. Thirty-one recreationally-active individuals (22.13 (&)#177; 2.11 yrs, 1.73 (&)#177; .10 m, 75.68 (&)#177; 14.67 kg, 42.89 (&)#177; 5.31 mL(&)#183;kg(&)#183;min-1; 65.5% males) were recruited for this study. Participants completed an initial visit to complete a MT questionnaire and create a personalized music playlist of at least 15 songs. Participants completed two familiarization trials and a VO2max test on the treadmill, all on separate days. The experimental trials consisted of two separate conditions: 1) no music (NM); and 2) self-selected music (SSM). For each experimental trial, participants performed a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) run at 80% of their VO2max, separated by at least 48 hours, followed by a post-study interview. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to investigate relationships between performance variables and MT. Moderated regression analysis was used to determine a potential order effect, as well as a potential moderating effect of MT on change in performance between NM and SSM groups. Linear regression analysis was used to determine a potential relationship between MT and change in performance between NM and SSM groups. An alpha level of p ? 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. All qualitative data from post-study interviews was transcribed, coded, and categorized into primary themes. All statistical analyses was conducted via the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software for Windows version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results: Averages were calculated for MT (156.39 (&)#177; 9.38), TTESSM (14.18 (&)#177; 4.79 minutes), and TTENM (12.23 (&)#177; 5.24 minutes). Correlations were found between VO2max and TTESSM, TTENM, and MT (r = 0.390, p = 0.030; r = 0.519, p = 0.003; r = 0.404, p = 0.024; respectively). Moderated regression analysis revealed a non-significant interaction between MT, music, and order, indicating no order effect (? = -0.416, p = 0.735). Independent samples t-tests revealed no significant difference in MT, performance, or VO2maz between groups of participants who received music first or music second, indicating no effect of order (F = 0.388; p = 0.538; F = 0.537; p = 0.470; F = 0.070; p = 0.794; respectively. Moderated regression analysis, via linear regression, determined no significant moderating effect of MT on the change in performance between trials (?TTE) (F (3, 58) = 0.958, r = 0.217, p = 0.498). Linear regression, however, revealed a significant main effect of MT, indicating an inverse relationship between MT and ?TTE (F (1, 29) = 4.417, r = -0.634, p = 0.044). Discussion: The results from the current study indicate that greater levels of MT were associated with less change between the two performance trials, however, there were no significant relationships between MT or performance with self-selected music. This finding suggests that individuals with greater MT may demonstrate consistent patterns of performance, irrespective of the presence of external factors. Understanding the effects of MT and how external and internal stimuli affect performance may allow exercise professionals to tailor their training or rehabilitation programs to each individual, therefore increasing exercise performance and adherence.
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Date Issued
2019
Identifier
CFE0007428, ucf:52736
Format
Document (PDF)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007428