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- Title
- A MODEL OF HIP DYSPLASIA REDUCTIONS IN INFANTS USING THE PAVLIK HARNESS.
- Creator
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Hadri, Wissam, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Hip dysplasia, also known as congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH) or Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH), is a mal-alignment of the hip joint. Left untreated within the first nine months, DDH could lead to permanent disability. Luckily however, this condition is diagnosed at an early age and is usually treated without surgery through the use of the Pavlik harness. In this thesis, a 3D computational model and dynamic finite element analysis of the muscles and tissues involved in hip...
Show moreHip dysplasia, also known as congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH) or Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH), is a mal-alignment of the hip joint. Left untreated within the first nine months, DDH could lead to permanent disability. Luckily however, this condition is diagnosed at an early age and is usually treated without surgery through the use of the Pavlik harness. In this thesis, a 3D computational model and dynamic finite element analysis of the muscles and tissues involved in hip dysplasia and the mechanics of the Pavlik harness, as rendered by Dr. Alain J. Kassab's research group in the College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering in the University of Central Florida over the past 3 years, were reviewed and discussed to evaluate the accuracy of the hip reduction mechanism. I examine the group's usage of CT-based images to create accurate models of the bony structures, muscle tensions and roles that were generated using biomechanical analyses of maximal and passive strain, and the usage of adult and infant hips. Results, as produced by the group indicated that the effects and force contribution of the muscles studied are functions of severity of hip dislocation. Therefore, I discussed complications with real world-to-computational modeling with regards to structural systems and data interpretations. Although this design could be applied to more anatomical models and mechanistic analyses, more research would have to be completed to create more accurate models and results.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- CFH0004641, ucf:45317
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH0004641
- Title
- THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON MIGRAINE HEADACHES.
- Creator
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Shimshoni, Deborah, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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As the most widely consumed drug around the globe, there is a vast array of contradicting research available on caffeine. One of the most debated and researched topics on caffeine is its effect on the brain. Meanwhile, the data on the neurological condition of migraine has information scattered throughout countless research articles and experiments. Although neither migraine or caffeine are completely understood by the medical world, this analysis attempts to give a more coherent...
Show moreAs the most widely consumed drug around the globe, there is a vast array of contradicting research available on caffeine. One of the most debated and researched topics on caffeine is its effect on the brain. Meanwhile, the data on the neurological condition of migraine has information scattered throughout countless research articles and experiments. Although neither migraine or caffeine are completely understood by the medical world, this analysis attempts to give a more coherent understanding of the relationship between the two. This is done by first understanding the known and theorized mechanisms of caffeine as well as the pathologies of migraine. Discussions on channelopathies, current migraine medications, and case studies will be presented. After much background research, we hypothesized that caffeine could excite neurons at physiological concentrations to the point of activation. This was tested by targeting the transcription factor cFos using immunocytochemistry in vitro. The protein cFos was identified due to its rapid translation�just 15 minutes after stimuli�to indicate activation. In addition to a control culture, three different caffeine concentrations were tested on the neurons: 50 micromoles� average plasma level after 1-2 cups of coffee consumption, 100 micromoles�average plasma level after 5-6 cups of coffee also believed to be the therapeutic amount to defend against neurological diseases such as Alzheimers Disease, and 250 micromoles�the average plasma level considered to be toxic in humans. Indeed, we saw a 53.8% increase in cFos expression in the neurons as 100 micromolar of caffeine was added and exposed to the cell cultures for 24 hours. In order to ensure the results obtained in this study were physiologically relevant in vivo, known toxic levels were tested for in vitro neurotoxicity. It was found in vitro that at the non toxic plasma concentrations of 50 micromolar and 100 micromolar of caffeine did not display cellular death as tested by Trypan Blue viability testing, Crystal Violet morphologies, and fleurojade immunochemistry that tests for degeneration. Each of these experiments identified a significant death increase as the toxic level of 250 micromoles of caffeine were utilized. This allowed us to theorize that the activation of neurons found in these experiments due to caffeine exposure would apply the same effect in vivo.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2016
- Identifier
- CFH2000087, ucf:45559
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH2000087
- Title
- TO EVALUATE THE FUNCTION OF THE OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF OVARIAN CANCER CELL MICROENVIRONMENT TO DETERMINE IF OXYTOCIN CAN INDUCE AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE.
- Creator
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Schachner, Benjamin I, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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The treatment of most cancers can still be considered inadequate despite the steady progress being made. A prime example of this issue is with epithelial ovarian cancers; this disease presents a significant issue, with a 5-year survival rate of 46% and a survival rate of 28% in patients that develop metastatic disease. Since ovarian cancer has such a high mortality rate, effective treatment modalities are necessary to prolong the quality of life after diagnosis. Psychosocial stress is related...
Show moreThe treatment of most cancers can still be considered inadequate despite the steady progress being made. A prime example of this issue is with epithelial ovarian cancers; this disease presents a significant issue, with a 5-year survival rate of 46% and a survival rate of 28% in patients that develop metastatic disease. Since ovarian cancer has such a high mortality rate, effective treatment modalities are necessary to prolong the quality of life after diagnosis. Psychosocial stress is related to the progression, proliferation, and migration in cancer patients, but the mechanisms of this relationship are not fully understood. The present in vitro study investigated the ability of oxytocin, a neuropeptide associated with social support, to attenuate the stress response. Catecholamines, a subclass of stress hormones, were used to simulate the stress induced inflammation process in ovarian cancer cells. To evaluate oxytocin's capacity to attenuate the stress response, the ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3, HEYA8, OVCAR8, and OV432 were separately treated with the presence or absence of catecholamines with the addition of oxytocin. Protein expression of the oxytocin receptor was investigated using a western blot protocol. Oxytocin receptor, oxytocin, and IL-6 mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative PCR. Treatment with Oxytocin attenuated the inflammatory response resulting from catecholamine treatment. The oxytocin receptor gene and protein were present in each cell line, suggesting that oxytocin has an anti-inflammatory role in the tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer patients. These results provide a mechanism by which social support, working through the release of oxytocin, promotes an anti-inflammatory process in ovarian cancer patients. This study may shed light into new pharmacological approaches for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2017
- Identifier
- CFH2000344, ucf:45809
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH2000344
- Title
- ANALYSIS OF THE PATHOMECHANISM OF MIGRAINES WITH A FOCUS ON CURRENT TREATMENT PLANS AND THE ROLE OF THE NEUROPEPTIDE CGRP.
- Creator
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Qureshi, Marvi, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Migraines are a type of headache that specifically act on only one side of the head, although about 30% of patients with migraine may experience a bilateral headache. Migraine is a brain disorders that typically involve issues of the typical sensory processing that takes place in the brainstem. Possible causation has been linked to issues in blood vessels, blood flow, and oxygen levels in the brain. Migraine can be described in three phases, and common throughout the three phases is the...
Show moreMigraines are a type of headache that specifically act on only one side of the head, although about 30% of patients with migraine may experience a bilateral headache. Migraine is a brain disorders that typically involve issues of the typical sensory processing that takes place in the brainstem. Possible causation has been linked to issues in blood vessels, blood flow, and oxygen levels in the brain. Migraine can be described in three phases, and common throughout the three phases is the importance of the neuropeptide CGRP and its role in migraine pathogenesis. CGRP increases in plasma have been linked to migraine headaches, and specific treatment plans have been tailored to account for this. CGRP is a vasodilator that causes dilation of cranial blood vessels and can lead to possible neurogenic inflammation in the periphery of its release while activating the pain pathway in the brainstem. The primary treatment for migraines is currently drugs from the triptan family and NSAIDs, as well as prophylactic drugs including antiepileptic drugs, beta-blockers, and Ca2+ channel blockers. The experiment conducted for this project aimed to determine the effects of a specific CGRP polyclonal antibody and CGRP receptor antagonist when it is with capsaicin, which stimulates sensory nerves. In an ex-vivo experiment using cell culture medium, the dura mater of mice is given either rabbit polyclonal antibody or a CGRP receptor antagonist or both, and then is challenged with capsaicin. CGRP positive (expressing) fibers and nerve terminals are examined under a fluorescent microscope in the dura mater of the mice.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- Identifier
- CFH0004823, ucf:45442
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH0004823
- Title
- A META-ANALYSIS OF NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA EPIDEMIOLOGY IN LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS.
- Creator
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Zengotita, Brittany M, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a rare, autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease selectively affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord. Relapsing NMO is nine times more prevalent in women than in men and approximately one-quarter of NMO patients have symptoms of another autoimmune disorder (National Institute of Health, 2019). NMO has not been linked to any genetic mutations and the cause of the disorder is unknown beyond the general understanding that the body produces anti-aquaporin-4...
Show moreNeuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a rare, autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease selectively affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord. Relapsing NMO is nine times more prevalent in women than in men and approximately one-quarter of NMO patients have symptoms of another autoimmune disorder (National Institute of Health, 2019). NMO has not been linked to any genetic mutations and the cause of the disorder is unknown beyond the general understanding that the body produces anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4) which mistakenly attack cells in the nervous system. NMO affects roughly one percent of that of Multiple Sclerosis (4000-8000 patients total) in the United States, but prevalence rates are abnormally high in a handful of regions around the world, particularly among Latin America, where rates can reach up to 5/100,000 individuals. The results of this study predict that there is a connection between African genetics and NMO, but further studies will need to be conducted in more Latin America nations and other regions to determine prevalence rates as well as genetic analysis of affected individuals.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2019
- Identifier
- CFH2000583, ucf:45659
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH2000583
- Title
- IDENTIFICATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS ON THE BRAIN.
- Creator
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Mikhail, Tryphina A, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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As more studies accumulate on the impact of diabetes mellitus on the central nervous system, they resound with the same conclusion - diabetes has a detrimental effect on cognition regardless of the presence of comorbidities. Less consistent however, are the specific mental processes wherein these declines are noticeable, and the structural changes that accompany these reductions in mental capacity. From global atrophy to changes in the volume of gray and white matter, to conflicting results...
Show moreAs more studies accumulate on the impact of diabetes mellitus on the central nervous system, they resound with the same conclusion - diabetes has a detrimental effect on cognition regardless of the presence of comorbidities. Less consistent however, are the specific mental processes wherein these declines are noticeable, and the structural changes that accompany these reductions in mental capacity. From global atrophy to changes in the volume of gray and white matter, to conflicting results regarding the effects of hypo- and hyperglycemic states on the development of the hippocampus, the studies display a variety of results. The goal of this research is to link the structural and compositional changes occurring in the diabetic brain with the clinical and behavioral findings highlighted in the literature, as well as to explore the potential mechanisms behind the pathologic brain state of diabetic encephalopathy. Using diabetic (OVE26) and non-diabetic wild type (FVB) mice as models, differences in the number of hippocampal neurons in the dentate gyrus, and cornu ammonis areas 1,2, and 3 were investigated through Nissl staining. Neurodegeneration was confirmed in those cells determined to be hyperchromatic in the diabetic model through staining with Fluoro-Jade C. Finally, the presence of progenitor cells in the hippocampus was compared in the diabetic and non-diabetic models using Musashi-1 antibodies, to determine whether neurogenesis in these areas is affected by diabetes. These experiments were performed to better understand the effect of DM on learning and memory, and could potentially explain the linkage between diabetes mellitus and the increased prevalence of Alzheimer�s disease, vascular dementia, and depression in this subset of the population.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2016
- Identifier
- CFH2000021, ucf:45601
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH2000021
- Title
- EXPLORATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF GINGER AS A FOLK REMEDY FOR MIGRAINES.
- Creator
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Aleger, Nathan Vorbes, Elsheimer, Seth, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) has been used in Asia for centuries to treat various ailments. Ginger has been reported to alleviate migraine pain via four bioactive compounds that can reduce nitric oxide synthase (NOS) resulting in the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO). The inhibition of nitric oxide results in the vasoconstriction of the intracranial blood vessels alleviating migraine pain. It is hypothesized that ginger has structural similarities to vasoconstrictor drugs causing similar...
Show moreGinger (Zingiber Officinale) has been used in Asia for centuries to treat various ailments. Ginger has been reported to alleviate migraine pain via four bioactive compounds that can reduce nitric oxide synthase (NOS) resulting in the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO). The inhibition of nitric oxide results in the vasoconstriction of the intracranial blood vessels alleviating migraine pain. It is hypothesized that ginger has structural similarities to vasoconstrictor drugs causing similar receptor interactions. A review of the bioactive compounds in ginger and popular vasoconstrictor drugs was done to determine structural similarities. The results of this study show that the compounds in ginger share no structural similarities with vasoconstrictor drugs used in the treatment of migraine headaches.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2017
- Identifier
- CFH2000251, ucf:45962
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH2000251
- Title
- Fluctuations in Walking Speeds and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters When Walking on a Self-Paced Treadmill at Level, Incline, and Decline Slopes.
- Creator
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Castano, Cesar, Huang, Helen, Viana, Felipe, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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On a daily basis, humans walk over a variety of terrains. Studies have shown that spatiotemporal gait parameters, such as stride length, stride frequency, stride variability, etc., change when humans walk down a decline and up an incline compared to level ground. However, these studies have been limited to using fixed speed treadmills or analyzing a small number of strides when conducted over ground. Thus, there is a need to investigate the fluctuations in spatiotemporal gait parameters of...
Show moreOn a daily basis, humans walk over a variety of terrains. Studies have shown that spatiotemporal gait parameters, such as stride length, stride frequency, stride variability, etc., change when humans walk down a decline and up an incline compared to level ground. However, these studies have been limited to using fixed speed treadmills or analyzing a small number of strides when conducted over ground. Thus, there is a need to investigate the fluctuations in spatiotemporal gait parameters of humans walking at their self-selected speed, which requires recording hundreds of strides. Here we hypothesized that subjects will walk with a slower speed and have greater stride variability on an incline or decline compared to level ground. We used a self-paced treadmill and had 7 young adults walk on three slopes (+9 degrees, incline; 0 degrees, level; -9 degrees, decline). A motion capture system was used to calculate spatiotemporal gait parameters. The results showed that subjects walked the fastest on level ground (1.15 +/- 0.17 m/s). Subjects walked more slowly during decline walking (1.06 +/- 0.14 m/s) and walked the slowest during incline walking (0.92 +/- 0.18 m/s). There was not a single steady-state speed that subjects used for all slopes. Instead, there were multiple periods when the subject was not at a steady state. Only ~60% of the strides could be classified as being at steady-state. When walking down a decline, subjects needed ~10 +/- 1 more strides to reach the first steady-state period. When walking on an incline and decline, stride length variability increased by ~1.6x (0.0014m^2 (&)#177; 0.0008m^2) and ~1.2x (0.0012m^2 (&)#177; 0.0008m^2 ) compared to level ground (0.0005 m^2 (&)#177; 0.0003 m^2). Stride width variability increased by ~20.6x (0.0108m^2 (&)#177; 0.0121m^2 ) and ~14.2x (0.0076m^2 (&)#177; 0.0044m^2 ) for incline and decline slopes compared to level ground (0.0005 m^2 (&)#177; 0.0003 m^2). These results provide greater insight on the fluctuations during self-selected walking speeds subjects use on different slopes. This could have implications on balance control and fall risk during walking.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2019
- Identifier
- CFE0007441, ucf:52709
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007441
- Title
- Probing the Effects of Substrate Stiffness on Astrocytes Mechanics.
- Creator
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Bizanti, Ariege, Steward, Robert, Samsam, Mohtashem, Huang, Helen, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Astrocytes are among the most functionally diverse population of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) as they are essential to many important neurological functions including maintaining brain homeostasis, regulating the blood brain barrier, and preventing build-up of toxic substances within the brain, for example. Astrocyte importance to brain physiology and pathology has inspired a host of studies focused on understanding astrocyte behavior primarily from a biological and chemical...
Show moreAstrocytes are among the most functionally diverse population of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) as they are essential to many important neurological functions including maintaining brain homeostasis, regulating the blood brain barrier, and preventing build-up of toxic substances within the brain, for example. Astrocyte importance to brain physiology and pathology has inspired a host of studies focused on understanding astrocyte behavior primarily from a biological and chemical perspective. However, a clear understanding of astrocyte dysfunction and their link to disease has been hampered by a lack of knowledge of astrocyte behavior from a biomechanical perspective. Furthermore, astrocytes (and all cells) can sense and respond to their external biomechanical environment via the extracellular matrix and various other biomechanical cues.One such biomechanical cue, substrate stiffness changes within the brain under certain pathologies, which subsequently leads to changes in the biomechanical behavior of the cell. For example, increased tissue stiffness is a hallmark of brain tumors that subsequently alters astrocyte biomechanical behavior. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of this process we cultured astrocytes on stiffnesses that mimicked that of the normal brain, meningioma, and glioma and investigated astrocyte biomechanical behavior by measuring cell-substrate tractions and cell-cell intercellular stresses utilizing traction force microscopy and monolayer stress microscopy, respectively. Our findings showed an increase in traction forces, average normal intercellular stress, maximum shear intercellular stress, and strain energy proportional to increased substrate stiffness. A substrate stiffness of 4 kPa showed 2.1 fold increase in rms tractions, 1.8 fold increase in maximum shear stress, 2.6 fold increase in average normal stress, and 1.6 fold increase in strain energy. While 11 kPa showed a 4.6 fold increase in rms tractions, 6.6 fold increase in maximum shear stress, 5.2 fold increase in average normal stress, and 2.3 fold increase in strain energy. Cell velocity, on the other hand, showed a decreasing trend with increasing stiffness. This study demonstrates for the first time that astrocytes can bear intercellular stresses and that astrocyte intercellular stresses and traction can be modified using substrate stiffness. We believe this study will be of great importance to brain pathology, specifically as it relates to treatment methods for brain tumors.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2018
- Identifier
- CFE0007312, ucf:52126
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007312
- Title
- Classifying and Predicting Walking Speed From Electroencephalography Data.
- Creator
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Rahrooh, Allen, Huang, Helen, Huang, Hsin-Hsiung, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Electroencephalography (EEG) non-invasively records electrocortical activity and can be used to understand how the brain functions to control movements and walking. Studies have shown that electrocortical dynamics are coupled with the gait cycle and change when walking at different speeds. Thus, EEG signals likely contain information regarding walking speed that could potentially be used to predict walking speed using just EEG signals recorded during walking. The purpose of this study was to...
Show moreElectroencephalography (EEG) non-invasively records electrocortical activity and can be used to understand how the brain functions to control movements and walking. Studies have shown that electrocortical dynamics are coupled with the gait cycle and change when walking at different speeds. Thus, EEG signals likely contain information regarding walking speed that could potentially be used to predict walking speed using just EEG signals recorded during walking. The purpose of this study was to determine whether walking speed could be predicted from EEG recorded as subjects walked on a treadmill with a range of speeds (0.5 m/s, 0.75 m/s, 1.0 m/s, 1.25 m/s, and self-paced). We first applied spatial Independent Component Analysis (sICA) to reduce temporal dimensionality and then used current popular classification methods: Bagging, Boosting, Random Forest, Na(&)#239;ve Bayes, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machines with a linear and radial basis function kernel. We evaluated the precision, sensitivity, and specificity of each classifier. Logistic regression had the highest overall performance (76.6 +/- 13.9%), and had the highest precision (86.3 +/- 11.7%) and sensitivity (88.7 +/- 8.7%). The Support Vector Machine with a radial basis function kernel had the highest specificity (60.7 +/- 39.1%). These overall performance values are relatively good since the EEG data had only been high-pass filtered with a 1 Hz cutoff frequency and no extensive cleaning methods were performed. All of the classifiers had an overall performance of at least 68% except for the Support Vector Machine with a linear kernel, which had an overall performance of 55.4%. These results suggest that applying spatial Independent Component Analysis to reduce temporal dimensionality of EEG signals does not significantly impair the classification of walking speed using EEG and that walking speeds can be predicted from EEG data.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2019
- Identifier
- CFE0007517, ucf:52642
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007517
- Title
- Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding the Recent Zika Outbreak Among a Sample of South Florida Residents.
- Creator
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Elakkari, Mohamed, Naser, Saleh, Parks, Griffith, Samsam, Mohtashem, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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South Florida has had the largest number of U.S. Zika infection cases during the recent outbreak. This study aimed at assessing South Floridians' basic knowledge, perceptions of the seriousness and susceptibility to Zika infection, their information sources and needs, as well as their attitudes towards the protective measures proposed by the CDC. We also wanted to assess whether any of those factors have affected the frequency of participants' undertaking of the protective behaviors. To this...
Show moreSouth Florida has had the largest number of U.S. Zika infection cases during the recent outbreak. This study aimed at assessing South Floridians' basic knowledge, perceptions of the seriousness and susceptibility to Zika infection, their information sources and needs, as well as their attitudes towards the protective measures proposed by the CDC. We also wanted to assess whether any of those factors have affected the frequency of participants' undertaking of the protective behaviors. To this end, we designed an online questionnaire and surveyed the responses of five hundred South Floridians (Age=18-78 years). We found significant gaps in participants' knowledge about the risk groups, routes of transmission, treatment, and complications of Zika infection. Older age and college education were associated with significantly higher knowledge scores, while the presence of pregnant women in the household was associated with lower scores. About half of the participants perceived Zika to be a profoundly severe health problem, but less than one-third believed that their susceptibility to the infection is high.Most participants agreed that undertaking the measures that limit exposure to mosquito bites would be effective in preventing infections and that they would be able to carry-out these measures if recommended by the CDC, but a significantly lower proportion had similar responses to the items regarding protection against sexual transmission.There was a significant association between the frequency of protective behavior undertaking and respondents' beliefs about the seriousness and personal susceptibility to the infection, as well as their beliefs regarding the efficacy of the protective behaviors.Finally, most participants reported media platforms as their sources of information about Zika, while a minority of them received their information directly from healthcare professionals.These findings suggest that more targeted risk communication efforts are needed to increase South Floridians' awareness about Zika's public health threat.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2018
- Identifier
- CFE0006998, ucf:51622
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0006998