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(1 - 8 of 8)
- Title
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 Inhibits Pyroptotic Cell Death in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells of Atherosclerotic Apolipoprotein E -/- Mice.
- Creator
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Garner, Kaley, Singla, Dinender, Zhao, Jihe, Pourmoghadam, Kamal, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Atherosclerosis (ATH) is an inflammation-mediated disease in which cell death underlies the formation of lesions along the intima layer of vascular walls resulting in vessel narrowing, decreased blood flow, and increased risk of lesion rupture leading to myocardial infarction and stroke. The current study was undertaken to investigate whether inflammation in ATH can induce pyroptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC's). We therefore hypothesized that pyroptosis occurs and is inhibited by...
Show moreAtherosclerosis (ATH) is an inflammation-mediated disease in which cell death underlies the formation of lesions along the intima layer of vascular walls resulting in vessel narrowing, decreased blood flow, and increased risk of lesion rupture leading to myocardial infarction and stroke. The current study was undertaken to investigate whether inflammation in ATH can induce pyroptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC's). We therefore hypothesized that pyroptosis occurs and is inhibited by bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). We examined SMC pyroptosis at acute (D5) and midstage (D28) following disturbed flow-induced hemodynamic injury to the vascular wall using our partial left carotid artery ligation (PLCA) model. ApoE -/- mice (11(&)#177;1 week old) were divided into three groups: Sham, PLCA, PLCA+BMP7 (200?g/kg; i.v) and arterial tissue was collected for immunohistochemical staining (IHC) and western blot (WB) analysis. At D5 and D28, IHC data demonstrated that PLCA significantly upregulated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3 and Caspase-1), indicating the initiation and activation of pyroptosis in SMC's (p(<)0.05). Further, maturation of pro-IL-1? and pro-IL-18 released through cell membrane pores mediated by Caspase-11 were investigated. Our data shows a significant increase at D5 and D28 in IL-1?, IL-18, and Caspase-11 expression following PLCA, which was significantly improved upon treatment with BMP7 (p(<)0.05). Western blot analysis supported these findings demonstrating initiation of pyroptosis via TLR4, upregulation of inflammasome components (Caspase-1 and NLRP3), and release of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1? and IL-18 at D28, but not at D5. Overall, this study demonstrates that pyroptosis occurs in vascular smooth muscle cells in our PLCA model and that BMP7 administration attenuates pyroptosis significantly.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2019
- Identifier
- CFE0007635, ucf:52472
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007635
- Title
- BMP-7 Inhibits p38 and JNK Pathways and Increases M2 Macrophage Differentiation to Reduce Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-/- Mice.
- Creator
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Shoulders, Heidi, Singla, Dinender, Cheng, Zixi, Naser, Saleh, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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We have previously shown that treating atherosclerosis with bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) affects the presence of macrophage subtypes in vitro, however it remains unknown whether BMP-7 treatment affects development and progression of atherosclerosis in vivo at an early and mid-stage of the disease. We therefore performed a Day 5 (D5) and Day 28 (D28) study to examine BMP-7's potential to affect monocyte differentiation. Atherosclerotic plaque formation was developed using our standard...
Show moreWe have previously shown that treating atherosclerosis with bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) affects the presence of macrophage subtypes in vitro, however it remains unknown whether BMP-7 treatment affects development and progression of atherosclerosis in vivo at an early and mid-stage of the disease. We therefore performed a Day 5 (D5) and Day 28 (D28) study to examine BMP-7's potential to affect monocyte differentiation. Atherosclerotic plaque formation was developed using our standard method and ApoE-/- mice were sacrificed at D5 and D28 post-surgery. Treatment animals received intravenous injections of BMP-7 at 200(&)#181;g/kg of bodyweight. Hematoxylin and Eosin morphological stain shows that BMP-7 is capable of significantly reducing plaque accumulation at D28 post-surgery vs. PLCA group, p(<)0.05. At D5, plaque formation was reduced but not significant. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to determine BMP-7's effect on monocytes (CD14), inflammatory M1 (iNOS) and anti-inflammatory M2 (CD206, Arginase-1) macrophages. Immunohistochemistry results show BMP-7 administration reduced pro-inflammatory monocytes and M1 macrophages at D5 and D28 compared to PLCA animals; however, monocytes were not statistically lower at D28. The anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage population was significantly less in PLCA animals compared to SHAM animals at D5 and D28. There was no significant difference in M2 macrophages between PLCA and PLCA + BMP7 animals at D5, however, by D28, PLCA + BMP7 animals showed a significant increase in M2 macrophages compared to PLCA animals. Western blot analysis confirms a significant increase in pro-survival kinase ERK and a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory kinases p38 and JNK in BMP-7 treated mice (D5 and D28, p(<)0.05). ELISA showed a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-? (D5 and D28, p(<)0.05) and a significant increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in BMP-7 treated mice (D5 and D28, p(<)0.05). In summary, our data indicate BMP-7 treatment induces monocyte to M2 macrophage differentiation, increases anti-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1ra and IL-10), and improves blow flow velocity (D5 and D28, p(<)0.05) compared to untreated animals. The mechanisms of monocyte to M2 macrophage differentiation appear to be mediated by the p38, JNK, and ERK pathways. This study suggests BMP-7 is capable of reducing inflammation and slowing progression of atherosclerosis at both an early and mid-stage of the disease.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2016
- Identifier
- CFE0006504, ucf:51388
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0006504
- Title
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Attenuates Inflammation and Apoptosis and Improves Cardiac Function in Diabetes.
- Creator
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Urbina, Princess, Singla, Dinender, Naser, Saleh, Zhao, Jihe, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (BMP-7) belongs to the transforming growth factor-? (TGF?) family of cytokines has is known to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used in patients to treat osteoporosis clinically and has been reported to treat diabetic nephropathy in murine models. Moreover, studies show that inflammation is up-regulated in patients with pre-diabetes (PD). We, therefore, hypothesize that the administration of BMP-7 will attenuate inflammation in the heart of...
Show moreBone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (BMP-7) belongs to the transforming growth factor-? (TGF?) family of cytokines has is known to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used in patients to treat osteoporosis clinically and has been reported to treat diabetic nephropathy in murine models. Moreover, studies show that inflammation is up-regulated in patients with pre-diabetes (PD). We, therefore, hypothesize that the administration of BMP-7 will attenuate inflammation in the heart of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced PD mice. In this study, we divided C57Bl/6 mice into three groups: CONTROL, PD, and PD+BMP-7. CONTROL mice received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of Sodium Citrate Buffer while PD and PD+BMP-7 groups received i.p. injections of Streptozotocin (STZ) for two days. In addition, PD+BMP-7 mice received intravenous injections (i.v.) of BMP-7 (200(&)#181;g/kg) on the last day of STZ injection and for the following two days. Animals were sacrificed 21 days post last injection and examined for levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory immune response, apoptosis, fibrosis and cardiac function. Our results indicate significant glucose intolerance in PD mice (p(<)0.05), which was attenuated in the PD+BMP-7 group (p(<)0.05). We also observed increased oxidative stress (p(<)0.001) and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (p(<)0.05), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?), in PD mice as compared with the controls. PD+BMP-7 mice revealed significant up-regulation of M2 macrophages (p(<)0.05) and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (p(<)0.05), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1RA (IL-1RA), as compared to PD mice. This was observed with a concomitant down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-?, as compared to the PD group. Moreover, we observed significantly increased cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis in PD mice (p(<)0.001) as compared to the control group. These observations, however, were down-regulated upon treatment with BMP-7. Lastly, analysis of echocardiograms revealed significantly depressed cardiac function in PD mice as compared with controls, while the PD+BMP-7 group presented improved cardiac function compared to PD mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that treatment with BMP-7 is effective in alleviating cardiac inflammation, inhibiting apoptosis, blunting cardiac remodeling and improving cardiac function in the hearts of STZ-induced PD mice. This reveals the potential of BMP-7 as a therapy in PD patients who present an increased inflammatory immune response.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- CFE0004765, ucf:49799
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004765
- Title
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (BMP-7) Polarizes Monocytes into M2 Macrophages.
- Creator
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Rocher, Crystal, Singla, Dinender, Siddiqi, Shadab, Sugaya, Kiminobu, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which an accumulation of fatty acids and cholesterol occurs to form a plaque in small and large arteries. Monocyte polarization to classic M1 macrophages or alternative M2 macrophages is an important area of research that can determine the severity of disease progression. BMP-7 is a key growth factor responsible for directing differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into brown fat cells, suggesting a role of BMP-7 in cellular plasticity; however,...
Show moreAtherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which an accumulation of fatty acids and cholesterol occurs to form a plaque in small and large arteries. Monocyte polarization to classic M1 macrophages or alternative M2 macrophages is an important area of research that can determine the severity of disease progression. BMP-7 is a key growth factor responsible for directing differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into brown fat cells, suggesting a role of BMP-7 in cellular plasticity; however, its role in monocyte polarization is yet to be revealed. In the current study, we hypothesize that monocyte treatment with BMP-7 will significantly result in increased polarization of monocytes into M2 macrophages and increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. To that effect, we have established a stress induced cell culture system with monocytes (THP-1 cells) and apoptotic conditioned medium (ACM), simulating injury, to understand the effects of BMP-7 on M2 macrophage polarization from monocytes. Our data demonstrates that the BMP type 2 receptor (BMPR2) is found on monocytes and its activation is significantly (p(<)0.05) increased in both monocytes and M2 macrophages following treatment with BMP-7. Furthermore, a significant (p(<)0.05) increase of M2 macrophages in the BMP-7 treated group was shown following immunostaining with CD206 and arginase-1, two M2 macrophage markers, whereas a significant (p(<)0.05) decrease of iNOS expression, an M1 macrophage marker, was shown. Moreover, treatment with BMP-7 resulted in significantly (p(<)0.05) increased expression of IL-10 and IL-1ra, two anti-inflammatory cytokines, but significantly (p(<)0.05) decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-?. We also hypothesize that polarization of monocytes to M2 macrophages occurs through activation of SMAD1/5/8 and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways. Upon BMP-7 binding to its receptor, BMPR2, activation of SMAD1/5/8 occurs which then activates the p85 subunit of PI3K resulting in downstream activation of Akt and mTOR. Our data shows that following treatment with BMP-7, expression of p-SMAD1/5/8, p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR is significantly (p(<)0.05) increased compared to controls whereas p-PTEN, an inhibitor of the PI3K pathway, is significantly (p(<)0.05) decreased in the BMP-7 treated group compared to controls. In conclusion, our data reveals that BMP-7 polarizes monocytes into M2 macrophages and it achieves this through activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, which will have significant applications for atherosclerosis treatment.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- CFE0004922, ucf:49617
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004922
- Title
- STORMWATER IRRIGATION OF SAINT AUGUSTINE GRASS:NITROGEN BALANCE AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.
- Creator
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Hulstein, Ewoud, Wanielista, Martin, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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A change in surface condition of a watershed, which is usually caused by development, can have measured effects on the naturally occurring hydrologic cycle and nitrogen cycle. This could result in environmental problems, such as reduced springflow and eutrophication. In an effort to address these issues, a combination of best management practices (BMPs) can be adhered to. The practice of using excess stormwater as a source for irrigation is proposed as a BMP for the minimization of impacts by...
Show moreA change in surface condition of a watershed, which is usually caused by development, can have measured effects on the naturally occurring hydrologic cycle and nitrogen cycle. This could result in environmental problems, such as reduced springflow and eutrophication. In an effort to address these issues, a combination of best management practices (BMPs) can be adhered to. The practice of using excess stormwater as a source for irrigation is proposed as a BMP for the minimization of impacts by development to the hydrologic and nitrogen cycles. To study the proposed BMP, a field experiment was installed in an outdoor location on the UCF main campus in Orlando, Florida. The experiment consists of three soil chambers, (2x2x4 ft, L:W:H), filled with compacted soil and covered with St. Augustine grass to simulate a suburban lawn. The grass was irrigated up to twice a week with detained stormwater with a nitrate nitrogen concentration of up to 2 mg/L. A mass balance and a total nitrogen balance were performed to determine evapotranspiration (ET) and impacts on groundwater nitrogen content. It was determined that the groundwater characteristics are largely dependent on the characteristics of the soil. The input nitrogen (precipitation and irrigation) was mostly in the form of nitrate and the output nitrogen (groundwater) was mostly in the form of ammonia. A total nitrogen mass balance indicated the mass output of nitrogen was significantly larger than mass input of nitrogen, which was due to ammonia leaching from the soil. Only small concentrations of nitrate were detected in the groundwater, resulting in an estimated nitrate removal (conversion to ammonia) of 97 percent at a depth of four feet when the input nitrate concentration was 2 mg/L. The average ET of the three chambers was compared to the estimated ET from the modified Blaney-Criddle equation on a monthly basis and a yearly basis. The modified Blaney-Criddle equation was proven to be accurate for estimating the actual ET for this application: irrigated St. Augustine grass in the Central Florida climate. In conclusion, using the available literature and the data collected from the field experiment, it was shown through an example design problem that the proposed BMP of using excess stormwater as a source for irrigation can help achieve a pre- versus postdevelopment volume balance and can help control post-development nitrate emissions.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2005
- Identifier
- CFE0000611, ucf:46511
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0000611
- Title
- Development of Treatment Train Techniques for the Evaluation of Low Impact Development in Urban Regions.
- Creator
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Hardin, Mike, Wanielista, Martin, Cooper, David, Randall, Andrew, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Stormwater runoff from urban areas is a major source of pollution to surface water bodies. The discharge of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is particularly damaging as it results in harmful algal blooms which can limit the beneficial use of a water body. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) have been developed over the years to help address this issue. While BMPs have been investigated for years, their use has been somewhat limited due to the fact that much of the data...
Show moreStormwater runoff from urban areas is a major source of pollution to surface water bodies. The discharge of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is particularly damaging as it results in harmful algal blooms which can limit the beneficial use of a water body. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) have been developed over the years to help address this issue. While BMPs have been investigated for years, their use has been somewhat limited due to the fact that much of the data collected is for specific applications, in specific regions, and it is unknown how these systems will perform in other regions and for other applications. Additionally, the research was spread across the literature and performance data was not easily accessible or organized in a convenient way. Recently, local governments and the USEPA have begun to collect this data in BMP manuals to help designers implement this technology. That being said, many times a single BMP is insufficient to meet water quality and flood control needs in urban areas. A treatment train approach is required in these regions. In this dissertation, the development of methodologies to evaluate the performance of two BMPs, namely green roofs and pervious pavements is presented. Additionally, based on an extensive review of the literature, a model was developed to assist in the evaluation of site stormwater plans using a treatment train approach for the removal of nutrients due to the use of BMPs. This model is called the Best Management Practices Treatment for Removal on an Annual basis Involving Nutrients in Stormwater (BMPTRAINS) model.The first part of this research examined a previously developed method for designing green roofs for hydrologic efficiency. The model had not been tested for different designs and assumed that evapotranspiration was readily available for all regions. This work tested this methodology against different designs, both lab scale and full scale. Additionally, the use of the Blaney-Criddle equation was examined as a simple way to determine the ET for regions where data was not readily available. It was shown that the methods developed for determination of green roof efficiency had good agreement with collected data. Additionally, the use of the Blaney-Criddle equation for estimation of ET had good agreement with collected and measured data.The next part of this research examined a method to design pervious pavements. The water storage potential is essential to the successful design of these BMPs. This work examined the total and effective porosities under clean, sediment clogged, and rejuvenated conditions. Additionally, a new type of porosity was defined called operating porosity. This new porosity was defined as the average of the clean effective porosity and the sediment clogged effective porosity. This porosity term was created due to the fact that these systems exist in the exposed environment and subject to sediment loading due to site erosion, vehicle tracking, and spills. Due to this, using the clean effective porosity for design purposes would result in system failure for design type storm events towards the end of its service life. While rejuvenation techniques were found to be somewhat effective, it was also observed that often sediment would travel deep into the pavement system past the effective reach of vacuum sweeping. This was highly dependent on the pore structure of the pavement surface layer. Based on this examination, suggested values for operating porosity were presented which could be used to calculate the storage potential of these systems and subsequent curve number for design purposes.The final part of this work was the development of a site evaluation model using treatment train techniques. The BMPTRAINS model relied on an extensive literature review to gather data on performance of 15 different BMPs, including the two examined as part of this work. This model has 29 different land uses programmed into it and a user defined option, allowing for wide applicability. Additionally, this model allows a watershed to be split into up to four different catchments, each able to have their own distinct pre- and post-development conditions. Based on the pre- and post-development conditions specified by the user, event mean concentrations (EMCs) are assigned. These EMCs can also be overridden by the user. Each catchment can also contain up to three BMPs in series. If BMPs are to be in parallel, they must be in a separate catchment. The catchments can be configured in up to 15 different configurations, including series, parallel, and mixed. Again, this allows for wide applicability of site designs. The evaluation of cost is also available in this model, either in terms of capital cost or net present worth. The model allows for up to 25 different scenarios to be run comparing cost, presenting results in overall capital cost, overall net present worth, or cost per kg of nitrogen and phosphorus. The wide array of BMPs provided and the flexibility provided to the user makes this model a powerful tool for designers and regulators to help protect surface waters.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- CFE0005503, ucf:50338
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005503
- Title
- Viability of a Residential Integrated Stormwater, Graywater, and Wastewater Treatment System.
- Creator
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Goolsby, Matthew, Chopra, Manoj, Wanielista, Martin, Randall, Andrew, Chang, Ni-bin, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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The subject of water scarcity and the rate of water consumption have become popular over the last few decades. Within the topic of water consumption, there are two separate issues from a residential standpoint. The first concern is the steadily increasing need for viable alternative water sources to be utilized for non-potable applications in an effort to reduce potable water demands. The second concern is the need to significantly reduce of nutrient-laden wastewater effluent discharge from...
Show moreThe subject of water scarcity and the rate of water consumption have become popular over the last few decades. Within the topic of water consumption, there are two separate issues from a residential standpoint. The first concern is the steadily increasing need for viable alternative water sources to be utilized for non-potable applications in an effort to reduce potable water demands. The second concern is the need to significantly reduce of nutrient-laden wastewater effluent discharge from septic systems in order to sustain groundwater quality and prevent adverse ecological impacts. This study addresses both issues with two separate systems integrated into one environmentally functional home that emphasizes low impact development (LID) practices. The first objective of the study is to quantify the performance of the passive treatment Bold (&) GoldTM reactive filter bed (FDOH classified (")innovative system(")) for nutrient removal. The second objective is to monitor the water quality of the combined graywater/stormwater cistern for non-potable use and asses all components (green roof, gutters, graywater treatment, AC condensate, well water, stormwater contribution). The performance of the passive innovative system is compared to past studies and regulatory standards. Also, a bench scale model of the OSTDS is constructed at the University of Central Florida (UCF) Stormwater Management Academy Research and Testing Lab (SMART Lab) and tested to provide effluent data at two different residence times. Complex physical, biological, and chemical theories are applied to the analysis of wastewater treatment performance. The data from the OSTDS and stormwater/graywater cistern both systems are also assessed using statistical analysis. The results of the OSTDS are compared to FDOH regulatory requirements for (")Secondary Treatment Standards("), and (")Advanced Secondary Treatment Standards(") with positive results. The bench scale results verify that both biological nutrient removal and physiochemical sorption are occurring within the filter media and quantified the relationship between removal rates and hydraulic residence time (HRT).The combined graywater/stormwater cistern contains acceptable water quality and operates efficiently. The demand on the cistern results in about 50% capacity utilization of the cistern and there is a consistent dependency on the artesian well. The salinity content and high sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the cistern water did not produce any noticeable adverse impacts on the home other than scale formation in the toilet. The results of the research determined that the implementation of the integrated system is a viable option at the residential level.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2011
- Identifier
- CFE0004114, ucf:49094
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004114
- Title
- An Assessment of Biosorption Activated Media for the Removal of Pollutants in Up-Flow Stormwater Treatment Systems.
- Creator
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Hood, Andrew, Randall, Andrew, Wanielista, Martin, Chopra, Manoj, O'Reilly, Andrew, Moore, Sean, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Nitrogen and phosphorus are often the limiting nutrients for marine and freshwater systems respectively. Additionally, stormwater often contains elevated levels of pathogens which can pollute the receiving water body and impact reuse applications [1-4]. The reduction of limiting nutrients and pathogens is a common primary target for stormwater best management practices (BMPs) [5]. Traditional BMPs, such as retention/detention treatment ponds require large footprints and may not be practical...
Show moreNitrogen and phosphorus are often the limiting nutrients for marine and freshwater systems respectively. Additionally, stormwater often contains elevated levels of pathogens which can pollute the receiving water body and impact reuse applications [1-4]. The reduction of limiting nutrients and pathogens is a common primary target for stormwater best management practices (BMPs) [5]. Traditional BMPs, such as retention/detention treatment ponds require large footprints and may not be practical in ultra-urban environments where above ground space is limited. Upflow filters utilizing biosorption activated media (BAM) that can be placed underground offer a small footprint alternative. Additionally, BAM upflow filters can be installed at the discharge point of traditional stormwater ponds to provide further treatment. This research simulated stormwater that had already been treated for solids removal; thus, most of the nutrients and solids in the influent were assumed to be as non-settable suspended solids or dissolved solids. Three different BAM mixtures in an upflow filter configuration were compared for the parameters of nitrogen, phosphorus, total coliform, E. coli, and heterotrophic plate count (HPC). Additionally, genetic testing was conducted using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), in conjunction with a nitrogen mass balance, to determine if Anammox was a significant player in the nitrogen removal. The columns were run at both 22-minute and 220-minute Empty Bed Contact Times (EBCTs). All the BAM mixtures analyzed were shown to be capable at the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and total coliform during both the 22-minute and 220-minute EBCTs, with BAM #1 having the highest removal performance for all three parameters during both EBCTs. All BAM mixtures experienced an increase in HPC. Additionally, PCR analysis confirmed the presence of Anammox in the biofilm and via mass balance it was determined that the biological nitrogen removal was due to Anammox and endogenous denitrification with Anammox being a significant mechanism.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2019
- Identifier
- CFE0007817, ucf:52875
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007817
