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Title: Heat Transfer and Friction Augmentation in a Narrow Rectangular Duct with Symmetrical and Non-Symmetrical Wedge-Shaped Turbulators.
Creator: Valentino, Michelle, Kapat, Jayanta, Deng, Weiwei, Kassab, Alain, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: The need for cleaner and more fuel efficient means to produce electricity is growing steadily. Advancements in cooling technologies contribute to the improvements in turbine efficiency and are used for gas turbines and for power generation in automotive, aviation, as well as in naval applications, and many more. Studies introducing turbulators on walls of internal cooling channels, which can be applied to hot gas components and in recuperative heat exchangers, have been reviewed for their...
Show moreThe need for cleaner and more fuel efficient means to produce electricity is growing steadily. Advancements in cooling technologies contribute to the improvements in turbine efficiency and are used for gas turbines and for power generation in automotive, aviation, as well as in naval applications, and many more. Studies introducing turbulators on walls of internal cooling channels, which can be applied to hot gas components and in recuperative heat exchangers, have been reviewed for their ability to promote heat transfer in the channel while observing pressure loss caused by adding the features. Several types of turbulators have been studied; ribs, pin fins, dimples, wedges, and scales are some examples of features that have been added to walls of internal cooling channels or heat exchangers to increase heat transfer. This study focuses on two types of wedge turbulator designs, a full symmetrical wedge and a half, or non-symmetrical right-triangular wedge for the purpose of disrupting the thermal boundary layer close to hot walls without causing large-scale mixing and pressure drops. There are two sizes of the wedges, the first set of full and half wedges have an e/Dh=0.10 with the second at e/Dh=0.40, a feature that fills the height of the boundary layer. There are six cases studied, two one-wall and four two-wall cases in a 2:1 aspect ratio channel at Reynolds numbers of 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, and 40,000. Two experimental setups are utilized: a segmented copper block and transient TLC, along with numerical simulation for computational flow visualization. Wall temperature data is collected from all four walls for the copper experimental setup and three walls on the transient TLC setup. The fourth wall of the acrylic test section for the transient TLC tests is utilized for pressure testing, where static pressure ports are placed along the side wall. Although the small features did not show large influence in heat transfer on the side walls as much as the larger features or as high of heat transfer on the featured walls, the minimal pressure loss in the channel kept overall thermal performance of the small two wall full wedge features very high. The case of the large half wedge on two walls also showed very high thermal performance, having pressure loss values nearly half of the same sized (length and height) full wedge feature while having the ability to incorporate side walls into the overall heat transfer enhancement. The results found in the experimental setups are supported by the visualization of flow characteristics from the numerical testing. Comparing the initial wedge study to recent full rib studies show the wedges have similar improvements in heat transfer to the full rib cases with friction augmentations 5 to 10 times lower than the full rib cases. Further improvements to wedge heat transfer and pressure drop can be done by determining optimal wedge size and orientation.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: CFE0004489, ucf:49299
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004489

Title: CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF COMBINED REGENERATIVE AND DISCRETE FILM COOLING IN A ROCKET NOZZLE.
Creator: Pearce, Charlotte M, Kapat, Jayanta, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Conjugate heat transfer analysis has been carried out on an 89kN thrust chamber in order to evaluate whether combined discrete film cooling and regenerative cooling in a rocket nozzle is feasible. Several cooling configurations were tested against a baseline design of regenerative cooling only. New designs include combined cooling channels with one row of discrete film cooling holes near the throat of the nozzle, and turbulated cooling channels combined with a row of discrete film cooling...
Show moreConjugate heat transfer analysis has been carried out on an 89kN thrust chamber in order to evaluate whether combined discrete film cooling and regenerative cooling in a rocket nozzle is feasible. Several cooling configurations were tested against a baseline design of regenerative cooling only. New designs include combined cooling channels with one row of discrete film cooling holes near the throat of the nozzle, and turbulated cooling channels combined with a row of discrete film cooling holes. Blowing ratio and channel mass flow rate were both varied for each design. The effectiveness of each configuration was measured via the maximum hot gas-side nozzle wall temperature, which can be correlated to number of cycles to failure. A target maximum temperature of 613K was chosen. Combined film and regenerative cooling, when compared to the baseline regenerative cooling, reduced the hot gas side wall temperature from 667K to 638K. After adding turbulators to the cooling channels, combined film and regenerative cooling reduced the temperature to 592K. Analysis shows that combined regenerative and film cooling is feasible with significant consequences, however further improvements are possible with the use of turbulators in the regenerative cooling channels.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: CFH2000138, ucf:45923
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH2000138

Title: EFFECT OF CORIOLIS AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCES ON TURBULENCE AND TRANSPORT AT HIGH ROTATION AND BUOYANCY NUMBERS.
Creator: Sleiti, Ahmad Khalaf, Kapat, Jay, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: This study attempts to understand one of the most fundamental and challenging problems in fluid flow and heat transfer for rotating machines. The study focuses on gas turbines and electric generators for high temperature and high energy density applications, respectively, both which employ rotating cooling channels so that materials do not fail under high temperature and high stress environment.Prediction of fluid flow and heat transfer inside internal cooling channels that rotate at high...
Show moreThis study attempts to understand one of the most fundamental and challenging problems in fluid flow and heat transfer for rotating machines. The study focuses on gas turbines and electric generators for high temperature and high energy density applications, respectively, both which employ rotating cooling channels so that materials do not fail under high temperature and high stress environment.Prediction of fluid flow and heat transfer inside internal cooling channels that rotate at high rotation number and high density ratio similar to those that are existing in turbine blades and generator rotors is the main focus of this study. Both smooth-wall and rib-roughened channels are considered here. Rotation, buoyancy, bends, ribs and boundary conditions affect the flow inside theses channels. Introducing ribs inside internal cooling channel can enhance the heat transfer rate. As the introduction of ribs approach causes rapid increase in the severely limited pressure drop and requires high cost, other means of achieving high heat transfer rate are desired. Another approach to increase heat transfer rate to a values that are comparable to those achieved by introduction of ribs is to increase rotation number. One objective of this research is to study and compare theses two approaches in order to decide the optimum range of application and a possible replacement of the high-cost and complex ribs by increasing rotation number.A fully computational approach is employed in this study. On the basis of comparison between two-equation (k-e and k-w) and RSM turbulence models, it is concluded that the two-equation turbulence models cannot predict the flow field and heat transfer correctly, while RSM showed improved prediction. For the near wall region, two approaches with standard wall functions and enhanced near wall treatment were investigated. The enhanced near wall approach showed superior results to the standard wall functions approach. Thus RSM with enhanced near wall treatment is validated against available experimental data (which are primarily at low rotation and buoyancy numbers). The model was then used for cases with high rotation numbers (as much as 1.29) and high-density ratios (up to 0.4). Particular attention is given to how turbulence intensity, Reynolds stresses and transport are affected by Coriolis and buoyancy/centrifugal forces caused by high levels of rotation and density ratio. The results obtained are explained in view of physical interpretation of Coriolis and centrifugal forces. Investigation of channels with smooth and with rib-roughened walls that are rotating about an orthogonal axis showed that increasing rotation number always enhances turbulence and the heat transfer rate, while at high rotation numbers, increasing density ratio although causes higher turbulence activity but dose not increase Nu and in some locations even decreases Nu. The increasing thermal boundary layer thickness near walls is the possible reason for this behavior of Nu. The heat transfer enhancement correlates linearly with rotation number and hence it is possible to derive linear correlation for the increase in Nu as a function of Ro. Investigation of channels with rib-roughened walls that rotate about orthogonal axis showed that 4-side-average Nur correlates with Ro linearly, where a linear correlation for Nur/Nus as a function of rotation number is derived. It is also observed that the heat transfer rate on smooth-wall channel can be enhanced rapidly by increasing Ro to values that are comparable to the enhancement due to the introduction of ribs inside internal cooling channels. This observation suggests that ribs may be unnecessary in high-speed machines, and has tremendous implications for possible cost savings in these turbines.In square channels that are rotating about parallel axis, the heat transfer rate enhances by increasing Ro on three surfaces of the square channel and decreases on the fourth surface. Th
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: CFE0000014, ucf:52854
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0000014

Title: Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement Within a Concentric Annulus.
Creator: Hanhold, Alexander, Kapat, Jayanta, Ahmed, Kareem, Vasu Sumathi, Subith, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Effective heat exchange is key for many energy applications including heat exchangers, heat extraction from heat source, and heat rejection to ambient thermal sink. This study focuses on the investigation for a specific heat exchange configuration, namely heat removal within a concentric annular passage using helical turbulators and jet impingement. Numerical testing was used to see how the different geometric parameters affect the heat transfer and pressure drop within the annulus by using...
Show moreEffective heat exchange is key for many energy applications including heat exchangers, heat extraction from heat source, and heat rejection to ambient thermal sink. This study focuses on the investigation for a specific heat exchange configuration, namely heat removal within a concentric annular passage using helical turbulators and jet impingement. Numerical testing was used to see how the different geometric parameters affect the heat transfer and pressure drop within the annulus by using helicoil turbulators. A vast range of designs were studied by changing the turbulator shape, pitch, and blockage ratio while maintaining a constant Reynolds number of 25,000. CFD was performed in STARCCM+ using the realizable ?-? turbulence model. Results show that turbulence and heat transfer increase with a higher blockage ratio and smaller pitch but the pressure drop is subsequently increased as well. The square turbulator promoted higher heat transfer compared to the circle turbulator but the pressure drop was significantly increased when the helix angle was greater than 20(&)deg; and blockage ratio greater than 0.48.Experimental and numerical efforts were used to find the heat transfer due to impingement jets on the target surface. Multiple flows as a function of jet Reynolds number ranging from 16,000-33,000 were tested for two geometries. Temperature Sensitive Paint (TSP) was utilized to observe local heat transfer. It was observed that jet degradation occurs after the 6th row of stream-wise impingement jets for both cases experimentally and it was difficult to numerically capture the effect of the cross flow from previous jets but managed to follow the same trend. The numerical results showed that they can be used with good agreement to predict the surface averaged Nusselt number to be within the 12% uncertainty found from experimental efforts. Geometry B was determined to perform better in terms of heat transfer as opposed to Geometry A with the same pressure loss.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: CFE0007286, ucf:52155
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007286

Title: HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION IN A NARROW RECTANGULAR DUCT WITH DIMPLES APPLIED TO A SINGLE WALL.
Creator: Slabaugh, Carson, Kapat, Jayanta, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Establishing a clean and renewable energy supply is the preeminent engineering challenge of our time. Turbines, in some form, are responsible for more than 98 percent of all electricity generated in the United State and 100 percent of commercial and military air transport. The operation of these engines is clearly responsible for significant consumption of hydrocarbon fuels and, in turn, emission of green house gases into the atmosphere. With such wide-scale implementation, it is understood...
Show moreEstablishing a clean and renewable energy supply is the preeminent engineering challenge of our time. Turbines, in some form, are responsible for more than 98 percent of all electricity generated in the United State and 100 percent of commercial and military air transport. The operation of these engines is clearly responsible for significant consumption of hydrocarbon fuels and, in turn, emission of green house gases into the atmosphere. With such wide-scale implementation, it is understood that even the smallest increase in the operating efficiency of these machines can lead to enormous improvements over the current energy situation. These effects can extend from a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases to lessening the nationÃ‚Â's dependence of foreign energy sources to lower energy prices for the consumer. The prominent means of increasing engine efficiency is by raising the Ã‚Â'Turbine Inlet TemperatureÃ‚Â' Ã‚Â– the temperature of the mainstream flow after combustion, entering the first stage of the turbine section. The challenge is presented when these temperatures are forced beyond the allowable limits of the materials inside the machine. In order to protect these components, active cooling and protection methods are employed. The focus of this work is the development of more efficient means of cooling Ã‚Â'hotÃ‚Â' turbine components. In doing so, the goal is to maximize the amount of heat removed by the coolant while minimizing the coolant mass flow rate: by removing a greater amount of heat with a lower coolant mass flow rate, more compressed air is left in the mainstream gas flow for combustion and power generation. This study is an investigation of the heat transfer augmentation through the fully-developed portion of a narrow rectangular duct (AR=2) characterized by the application of dimples to the bottom wall of the channel. Experimental testing and numerical modeling is performed for full support and validation of presented findings. The geometries are studied at channel Reynolds numbers of 20000, 30000, and 40000. The purpose is to understand the contribution of dimple geometries in the formation of flow structures that improve the advection of heat away from the channel walls. Experimental data reported includes the local and Nusselt number augmentation of the channel walls and the overall friction augmentation throughout the length of the duct. Computational results validate local Nusselt number results from experiments, in addition to providing further insight to local flow physics causing the observed surface phenomena. By contributing to a clearer understanding of the effects produced by these geometries, the development of more effective channel-cooling designs can be achieved.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: CFE0003223, ucf:48511
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0003223

Title: EFFECT OF RIB ASPECT RATIO ON HEAT TRANSFER AND FRICTION IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS.
Creator: Tran, Lucky, kapat, Jay, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: The heat transfer and friction augmentation in the fully developed portion of a 2:1 aspect ratio rectangular channel with orthogonal ribs at channel Reynolds numbers of 20,000, 30,000, and 40,000 is studied both experimentally and computationally. Ribs are applied to the two opposite wide walls. The rib aspect ratio is varied systematically at 1, 3, and 5, with a constant rib height and constant rib pitch (rib-pitch-to-rib-height ratio of 10). The purpose of the study is to extend the...
Show moreThe heat transfer and friction augmentation in the fully developed portion of a 2:1 aspect ratio rectangular channel with orthogonal ribs at channel Reynolds numbers of 20,000, 30,000, and 40,000 is studied both experimentally and computationally. Ribs are applied to the two opposite wide walls. The rib aspect ratio is varied systematically at 1, 3, and 5, with a constant rib height and constant rib pitch (rib-pitch-to-rib-height ratio of 10). The purpose of the study is to extend the knowledge of the performance of rectangular channels with ribs to include high aspect ratio ribs. The experimental investigation is performed using transient Thermochromic Liquid Crystals technique to measure the distribution of the local Nusselt numbers on the ribbed walls. Overall channel pressure drop and friction factor augmentation is also obtained with the experimental setup. A numerical simulation is also performed by solving the 3-D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations using the realizable-k-[episilon] turbulence model for closure. Flow visualization is obtained from the computational results as well as numerical predictions of local distributions of Nusselt numbers and overal channel pressure drop. Results indicate that with increasing rib width, the heat transfer augmentation of the ribbed walls decreases with a corresponding reduction in channel pressure drop.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: CFH0004103, ucf:44890
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH0004103

Title: Heat Transfer, Friction, and Turbulent Analysis on Single Ribbed-Wall Square Channel.
Creator: Vergos, Christopher, Kapat, Jayanta, Vasu Sumathi, Subith, Ahmed, Kareem, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: An experimental investigation of heat transfer and friction behavior for a fully developed flow in a non-rotating square channel was conducted under a wide range of Reynolds numbers from 6,000 to 180,000. The rig used in this study was a single ribbed wall variant of Ahmed et al.'s [ 1 ] rig from which results of this rig were compared. Ahmed et al.'s rig was a replica of Han et al.'s square channel [ 2 ] used to validate their work, and expand the Reynolds number range for both heat transfer...
Show moreAn experimental investigation of heat transfer and friction behavior for a fully developed flow in a non-rotating square channel was conducted under a wide range of Reynolds numbers from 6,000 to 180,000. The rig used in this study was a single ribbed wall variant of Ahmed et al.'s [ 1 ] rig from which results of this rig were compared. Ahmed et al.'s rig was a replica of Han et al.'s square channel [ 2 ] used to validate their work, and expand the Reynolds number range for both heat transfer and friction data. The test section was 22 hydraulic diameters (Dh) long, and made of four aluminum plates. One rib roughened bottom wall, and three smooth walls bounded the flow. Glued brass ribs oriented at 45(&)deg; to the flow direction, with a ratio of rib height to channel hydraulic diameter (e/Dh) and a ratio of pitch to rib height (p/e) of 0.063 and 10, respectively, lined the bottom wall. A 20Dh long acrylic channel with a continuation of the test section's interior was attached at the inlet of the test section to confirm the fully developed flow. Heat transfer tests were conducted in a Reynolds number range of 20,000 to 150,000. During these tests, the four walls were held under isothermal conditions. Wall-averaged, and module-averaged Nusselt values were calculated from the log-mean temperature differences between the plate surface temperature and calculated, by energy balance, fluid bulk temperature. Streamwise Nusselt values become constant at an x/Dh of 8 within the tested Reynolds number range. Wall averaged Nusselt values were determined after x/Dh=8, and scaled by the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Nuo, for smooth ducts to yield a Nusselt augmentation value (Nu/Nuo). Non-heated friction tests were conducted from a Reynolds number range of 6,000 to 180,000. Pressure drop along the channel was recorded, and channel-averaged Darcy-Weisbach friction factor was calculated within the range of Reynolds number tested. Scaling the friction factor by the smooth-wall Blasius correlation, fo, gave the friction augmentation (f/fo). The thermal performance, a modified ratio of the Nusselt and friction augmentation used by Han et al. [ 2 ], was then calculated to evaluate the bottom-line performance of the rig. It was found that the Nusselt augmentation approached a constant value of 1.4 after a Reynolds number of 60,000 while friction augmentation continued to increase in a linear fashion past that point. This caused the overall thermal performance to decline as Reynolds number increased up to a certain point. Further studies were conducted in an all acrylic, non-heated variant of the rig to study the fluid flow in the streamwise direction on, and between two ribs in the fully developed region of the channel. Single-wire hot-wire anemometry characterized velocity magnitude profiles with great detail, as well as turbulence intensity for Reynolds numbers ranging from 5,000 to 50,000. As the Reynolds number increased the reattachment point between two ribs remained about stationary while the turbulence intensity receded to the trailing surface of the upstream rib, and dissipated as it traveled. At low Reynolds numbers, between 5,000 and 10,000, the velocity and turbulence intensity streamwise profiles seemed to form two distinct flow regions, indicating that the flow over the upstream rib never completely attached between the two ribs. Integral length-scales were also derived from the autocorrelation function using the most turbulent signal acquired at each Reynolds number. It was found that there is a linear trend between Reynolds number and the integral length-scale at the most turbulent points in the flow. For example, at Re=50,000 the most the length scale found just past the first rib was on the order of two times the height of the rib. Rivir et al. [ 30 ] found in a similar case that at Re = 45,000, it was 1.5 times the rib height. Several factors could influence the value of this integral length-scale, but the fact that their scale is on the order of what was obtained in this case gives some level of confidence in the value.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: CFE0007138, ucf:52318
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007138

Title: Development of Full Surface Transient Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Technique for Internal Cooling Channels.
Creator: Tran, Lucky, Kapat, Jayanta, Kassab, Alain, Vasu Sumathi, Subith, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Proper design of high performance industrial heat transfer equipment relies on accurate knowledge and prediction of the thermal boundary conditions. In order to enhance the overall gas turbine efficiency, advancements in cooling technology for gas turbines and related applications are continuously investigated to increase the turbine inlet temperature without compromising the durability of the materials used. For detailed design, local distributions are needed in addition to bulk quantities....
Show moreProper design of high performance industrial heat transfer equipment relies on accurate knowledge and prediction of the thermal boundary conditions. In order to enhance the overall gas turbine efficiency, advancements in cooling technology for gas turbines and related applications are continuously investigated to increase the turbine inlet temperature without compromising the durability of the materials used. For detailed design, local distributions are needed in addition to bulk quantities. Detailed local distributions require advanced experimental techniques whereas they are readily available using numerical tools. Numerical predictions using a computational fluid dynamics approach with popular turbulence models are benchmarked against a semi-empirical correlation for the friction in a circular channel with repeated-rib roughness to demonstrate some shortcomings of the models used. Numerical predictions varied widely depending on the turbulence modelling approach used. The need for a compatible experimental dataset to accompany numerical simulations was discussed.An exact, closed-form analytical solution to the enhanced lumped capacitance model is derived. The temperature evolution in a representative 2D turbulated surface is simulated using Fluent to validate the model and its exact solution. A case including an interface contact resistance was included as well as various rib sizes to test the validity of the model over a range of conditions. The analysis was extended to the inter-rib region to investigate the extent and magnitude of the influence of the metallic rib features on the apparent heat transfer coefficients in the inter-rib region. It was found that the thermal contamination is limited only to the regions closest to the base of the rib feature.An experimental setup was developed, capable of measuring the local heat transfer distributions on all four channel walls of a rectangular channel (with aspect ratios between 1 and 5) at Reynolds numbers up to 150,000. The setup utilizes a transient thermochromic liquid crystals technique using narrow band crystals and a four camera setup. The setup is used to test a square channel with ribs applied to one wall. Using the transient thermochromic liquid crystals technique and applying it underneath high conductivity, metallic surface features, it is possible to calculate the heat transfer coefficient using a lumped heat capacitance approach. The enhanced lumped capacitance model is used to account for heat conduction into the substrate material. Rohacell and aluminum ribs adhered to the surface were used to tandem to validate the hybrid technique against the standard technique. Local data was also used to investigate the effect of thermal contamination. Thermal contamination observed empirically was more optimistic than numerical predictions.Traditional transient thermochromic liquid crystals technique utilizes the time-to-arrival of the peak intensity of the green color signal. The technique has been extended to utilize both the red and green color signals, increasing the throughput by recovering unused data while also allowing for a reduction in the experimental uncertainty of the calculated heat transfer coefficient. The over-determined system was solved using an un-weighted least squares approach. Uncertainty analysis of the multi-color technique demonstrated its superior performance over the single-color technique. The multi-color technique has the advantage of improved experimental uncertainty while being easy to implement.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: CFE0005430, ucf:50436
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005430

internal cooling (5)	+ -
heat transfer (3)	+ -
Heat Transfer (2)	+ -
gas turbine (2)	+ -
turbulator (2)	+ -

CFD (1)	+ -
Channels with ribs (1)	+ -
Dimples (1)	+ -
Electric generators cooling (1)	+ -
Fluid flow (1)	+ -
Friction Factor (1)	+ -
Gas Turbine (1)	+ -
Hotwire (1)	+ -
Internal Cooling (1)	+ -
Internal Duct Cooling (1)	+ -
Internal cooling (1)	+ -
Length-Scales (1)	+ -
Narrow Channel (1)	+ -
Ribbed-Channel (1)	+ -
TLC (1)	+ -
Transient (1)	+ -
annulus (1)	+ -
computational fluid dynamics (1)	+ -
conjugate heat transfer (1)	+ -
enhancement (1)	+ -
film cooling (1)	+ -
friction augmentation (1)	+ -
heat exchanger (1)	+ -
heat transfer augmentation (1)	+ -
impingement (1)	+ -

ETD Collection (6)	+ -
Honors Collection (2)	+ -

University of Central Florida (8)	+ -
Kapat, Jayanta (6)	+ -
Vasu Sumathi, Subith (3)	+ -
Ahmed, Kareem (2)	+ -
Kassab, Alain (2)	+ -

Tran, Lucky (2)	+ -
Deng, Weiwei (1)	+ -
Hanhold, Alexander (1)	+ -
Kapat, Jay (1)	+ -
Pearce, Charlotte M (1)	+ -
Slabaugh, Carson (1)	+ -
Sleiti, Ahmad Khalaf (1)	+ -
Valentino, Michelle (1)	+ -
Vergos, Christopher (1)	+ -
kapat, Jay (1)	+ -

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