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(1 - 11 of 11)
- Title
- Catalytic Properties of Defect-Laden 2D Material from First-Principles.
- Creator
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Jiang, Tao, Rahman, Talat, Stolbov, Sergey, Blair, Richard, Tetard, Laurene, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
-
Two dimensional (2D) materials offer excellent opportunities for application as catalysts for energy needs. Their catalytic activity depends on the nature of defects, their geometry and their electronic structure. It thus important that the characteristics of defect-laden 2D materials be understood at the microscopic level. My dissertation focuses on theoretical and computational studies of several novel nanoscale materials using state-of-the-art techniques based on density functional theory ...
Show moreTwo dimensional (2D) materials offer excellent opportunities for application as catalysts for energy needs. Their catalytic activity depends on the nature of defects, their geometry and their electronic structure. It thus important that the characteristics of defect-laden 2D materials be understood at the microscopic level. My dissertation focuses on theoretical and computational studies of several novel nanoscale materials using state-of-the-art techniques based on density functional theory (DFT) with the objective of understanding the microscopic factors that control material functionality.My work has helped establish defect-laden hexagonal boron nitride (dh-BN) as a promising metal-free catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. Firstly, I showed how small molecules (H2, CO, CO2) interacting with several kinds of defects in dh-BN (with nitrogen or boron vacancy, boron substituted for nitrogen, Stone-Wales defect). I analyzed binding energies and electronic structures of adsorption of molecules on dh-BN to predict their catalytic activities. Then by computational efforts on reaction pathways and activation energy barriers, I found that vacancies induced in dh-BN can effectively activate the CO2 molecule for hydrogenation, where activation occurs through back-donation to the ?* orbitals of CO2 from frontier orbitals (defect state) of the h-BN sheet localized near a nitrogen vacancy (VN). Subsequent hydrogenation to formic acid (HCOOH) and methanol (CH3OH), indicating dh-BN (VN) an excellent metal-free catalyst for CO2 reduction, which may serve as a solution for global energy and sustainability.At the same time, I studied critical steps of the catalytic processes from carbon monoxide and methanol to higher alcohol on single-layer MoS2 functionalized with small Au nanoparticle, indicating C-C coupling feasible on MoS2-Au13, which led to production of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO). Whereas a bilayer 31-atom cluster of gold on MoS2 show excellent catalytic performance on CO hydrogenation to methanol through two effective pathways
Show less - Date Issued
- 2019
- Identifier
- CFE0007823, ucf:52822
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007823
- Title
- Mechanochemical Synthesis of Fuels from Sustainable Sources Utilizing Solid Catalysts.
- Creator
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Todd, Jacob, Zhai, Lei, Blair, Richard, Hampton, Michael, Harper, James, Rahman, Talat, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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The transition to biofuels as a means of curbing the emissions of greenhouse gases has given rise to several questions such as what to use as the feedstock and how to cost effectively process them.(&)nbsp; The production of bio-derived chemicals presents challenges in synthesis and in use as a drop-in fuel replacement.(&)nbsp; Through the use of mechanochemistry reaction pathways can be utilized that allow the efficient production of biofuels and bioderived chemicals.(&)nbsp; To this end...
Show moreThe transition to biofuels as a means of curbing the emissions of greenhouse gases has given rise to several questions such as what to use as the feedstock and how to cost effectively process them.(&)nbsp; The production of bio-derived chemicals presents challenges in synthesis and in use as a drop-in fuel replacement.(&)nbsp; Through the use of mechanochemistry reaction pathways can be utilized that allow the efficient production of biofuels and bioderived chemicals.(&)nbsp; To this end mechanically driven esterification and transesterification reactions were studied.(&)nbsp; It was found that the acid base properties of solid catalysts was critical to efficient reactions.(&)nbsp; Further investigation into mechanocatalytic reaction resulted in a reaction scheme where glucose can be used as a feedstock for the production of propane from glucose through a retro aldol reaction followed by hydrodeoxygenation.(&)nbsp; The use of mechanochemistry facilitates the efficient synthesis of important energy molecules and allows new reaction pathways to be exploited.(&)nbsp; The efficient production of bio-derived chemicals will reduce our impact on the environment.(&)nbsp;(&)nbsp;
Show less - Date Issued
- 2017
- Identifier
- CFE0006809, ucf:51805
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0006809
- Title
- SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL AZIRIDINE DERIVATIVES OF PODOCARPIC ACID.
- Creator
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Rhoden, Stephen, Miles, Howard, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Podocarpic acid (a diterpenoid resin acid extracted from the Podocarpacea specie of plants) has shown cytotoxicity against carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Since this discovery has been made, research has been performed in order to alter the structure of the resin acid so as to increase the anticancer activity. The carboxylic acid and phenol functional groups, which are present in podocarpic acid, make it possible to synthesize new derivatives selectively at the C-15, C-13, and C-7 positions as...
Show morePodocarpic acid (a diterpenoid resin acid extracted from the Podocarpacea specie of plants) has shown cytotoxicity against carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Since this discovery has been made, research has been performed in order to alter the structure of the resin acid so as to increase the anticancer activity. The carboxylic acid and phenol functional groups, which are present in podocarpic acid, make it possible to synthesize new derivatives selectively at the C-15, C-13, and C-7 positions as well as by substitution of the phenol hydroxyl group. Thus numerous derivatives can be prepared, in high yield, for the purpose of investigating their potential, as new drug leads for the treatment of cancer. In this study, Doyle's catalyst (Dirhodium tetrakis caprolactamate) was used to form a novel derivative in high yield (85%) which contained a 3-membered aziridine ring at the C-6 and C-7 position. The main thrust of this research involved the formation a series of novel derivatives of the aziridine compound by utilizing phenol and m-chlorophenol as nucleophiles to open the aziridine ring. These novel compounds will now be sent to the National Institute of Health (NIH) for bioassay against 60 human cancer cell lines.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2007
- Identifier
- CFE0001759, ucf:52849
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0001759
- Title
- Super-adiabatic combustion in porous media with catalytic enhancement for thermoelectric power conversion.
- Creator
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Mueller, Kyle, Orlovskaya, Nina, Chen, Ruey-Hung, Kapat, Jayanta, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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The combustion of ultra-lean fuel to air mixtures provides an efficient way to convert the chemical energy of hydrocarbons into useful power. Conventional burning techniques of a mixture have defined flammability limits beyond which a flame cannot self-propagate due to heat losses. Matrix stabilized porous medium combustion is an advanced technique in which a solid porous matrix within the combustion chamber accumulates heat from the hot gaseous products and preheats incoming reactants. This...
Show moreThe combustion of ultra-lean fuel to air mixtures provides an efficient way to convert the chemical energy of hydrocarbons into useful power. Conventional burning techniques of a mixture have defined flammability limits beyond which a flame cannot self-propagate due to heat losses. Matrix stabilized porous medium combustion is an advanced technique in which a solid porous matrix within the combustion chamber accumulates heat from the hot gaseous products and preheats incoming reactants. This heat recirculation extends the standard flammability limits and allows the burning of ultra-lean fuel mixtures, conserving energy resources, or the burning of gases of low calorific value, utilizing otherwise wasted resources. The heat generated by the porous burner can be harvested with thermoelectric devices for a reliable method of generating electricity for portable electronic devices by the burning of otherwise noncombustible mixtures.The design of the porous media burner, its assembly and testing are presented. Highly porous (~80% porosity) alumina foam was used as the central media and alumina honeycomb structure was used as an inlet for fuel and an outlet for products of the methane-air combustion. The upstream and downstream honeycomb structures were designed with pore sizes smaller than the flame quenching distance, preventing the flame from propagating outside of the central section. Experimental results include measurements from thermocouples distributed throughout the burner and on each side of the thermoelectric module along with associated current, voltage and power outputs. Measurements of the burner with catalytic coating were obtained for stoichiometric and lean mixtures and compared to the results obtained from the catalytically inert matrix, showing the effect on overall efficiency for the combustion of fuel-lean mixtures.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2011
- Identifier
- CFE0004142, ucf:49043
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004142
- Title
- Novel Nanostructures and Processes for Enhanced Catalysis of Composite Solid Propellants.
- Creator
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Draper, Robert, Seal, Sudipta, Heinrich, Helge, Zhai, Lei, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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The purpose of this study is to examine the burning behaviour of composite solid propellants (CSP)in the presence of nanoscale, heterogenous catalysts. The study targets the decomposition of am-monium perchlorate (AP) as a key component in the burning profile of these propellants, and seeksto identify parameters of AP decomposition reaction that can be affected by catalytic additives.The decomposition behavior of AP was studied in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticlesin varying...
Show moreThe purpose of this study is to examine the burning behaviour of composite solid propellants (CSP)in the presence of nanoscale, heterogenous catalysts. The study targets the decomposition of am-monium perchlorate (AP) as a key component in the burning profile of these propellants, and seeksto identify parameters of AP decomposition reaction that can be affected by catalytic additives.The decomposition behavior of AP was studied in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticlesin varying configurations, surface conditions, dopants, morphology, and synthesis parameters withthe AP crystals. The catalytic nanoparticles were found to enhance the decomposition rate of theammonium perchlorate, and promote an accelerated burning rate of CSP propellants containingthe additives. Furthermore, different configurations were shown to have varying degrees of effec-tiveness in promoting the decomposition behaviour.To study the effect of the catalyst's configuration in the bulk propellant, controlled dispersion con-ditions of the nanoparticle catalysts were created and studied using differential scanning calorime-try, as well as model propellant strand burning. The catalysts were shown to promote the greatestenthalpy of reaction, as well as the highest burn rate, when the AP crystals were recrystalizedaround the nanoparticle additives. This is in contrast to the lowest enthalpy condition, which cor-responded to catalysts being dispersed upon the AP crystal surface using bio-molecule templates.Additionally, a method of facile, visible light nanoparticle tracking was developed to study theeffect of mixing and settling parameters on the nano-catalysts. To accomplish this, the titaniananoparticles were doped with fluorescent europium molecules to track the dispersion of the cat-alysts in the propellant binder. This method was shown to succesfully allow for dispersion andagglomeration monitoring without affecting the catalytic effect of the TiO2 nanoparticles.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- CFE0004991, ucf:49559
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004991
- Title
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy in Energy and Catalytic Applications.
- Creator
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Ding, Yi, Tetard, Laurene, Challapalli, Suryanarayana, Zhai, Lei, Thomas, Jayan, Lyakh, Arkadiy, Blair, Richard, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Emerging societal challenges such as the need for more sustainable energy and catalysis are requiring more sensitive and versatile measurements at the nanoscale. This is the case in the design and optimization of new materials for energy harvesting (solar cells) and energy storage devices (batteries and capacitors), or for the development of new catalysts for carbon sequestration or other reactions of interest. Hence, the ability to advance spectroscopy with nanoscale spatial resolution and...
Show moreEmerging societal challenges such as the need for more sustainable energy and catalysis are requiring more sensitive and versatile measurements at the nanoscale. This is the case in the design and optimization of new materials for energy harvesting (solar cells) and energy storage devices (batteries and capacitors), or for the development of new catalysts for carbon sequestration or other reactions of interest. Hence, the ability to advance spectroscopy with nanoscale spatial resolution and high sensitivity holds great promises to meet the demands of deeper fundamental understanding to boost the development and deployment of nano-based devices for real applications. In this dissertation, the impact of nanoscale characterization on energy-related and catalytic materials is considered. Firstly an introduction of the current energy and environmental challenges and our motivations are presented. We discuss how revealing nanoscale properties of solar cell active layers and supercapacitor electrodes can greatly benefit the performance of devices, and ponder on the advantages over conventional characterization techniques. Next, we focus on two dimensional materials as promising alternative catalysts to replace conventional noble metals for carbon sequestration and its conversion to added-value products. Defect-laden hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been identified as a good catalyst candidate for carbon sequestration. Theoretically, defects exhibit favorable properties as reaction sites. However, the detailed mechanism pathways cannot be readily probed experimentally, due to the lack of tools with sufficient sensitivity and time resolution. A comprehensive study of the design and material processes used to introduce defects in h-BN in view of improving the catalytic properties is presented. The processing-structure-property relationships are investigated using a combination of conventional characterization and advanced nanoscale techniques. In addition to identifying favorable conditions for defect creation, we also report on the first signs of local reactions at defect sites obtained with nanoscale spectroscopy. Next, we explore avenues to improve the sensitivity and time-resolution of nanoscale measurements using light-assisted AFM-based nanomechanical spectroscopy. For each configuration, we evaluate the new system by comparing its performance to the commercial capabilities.Lastly, we provide a perspective on the opportunities for state-of-the-art characterization to impact the fields of catalysis and sustainable energy, as well as the urge for highly sensitive functional capabilities and time-resolution for nanoscale studies.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2018
- Identifier
- CFE0007751, ucf:52387
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007751
- Title
- COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ETHANOL AND METHANOL ELECTRO-OXIDATION ON A PLATINUM/CERIA COMPOSITE ELECTRODE IN ALKALINE AND ACID SOLUTIONS: ELECTRO-CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE AND REACTION KINETICS.
- Creator
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Hidalgo, Carlos, Diaz, Diego, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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A comparative study of the electro-oxidation of ethanol and methanol was carried out on a Pt/ceria composite electrode prepared by electro-deposition. Modification of the Pt electrode was realized by co-deposition from a 1.0 mM K2PtCl6 solution that also contained a 20 mM suspension of ceria. The electro-catalytic activities and stabilities of the Pt/ceria catalyst towards ethanol electro-oxidation reactions (EOR) and methanol electro-oxidation reactions (MOR) were investigated by...
Show moreA comparative study of the electro-oxidation of ethanol and methanol was carried out on a Pt/ceria composite electrode prepared by electro-deposition. Modification of the Pt electrode was realized by co-deposition from a 1.0 mM K2PtCl6 solution that also contained a 20 mM suspension of ceria. The electro-catalytic activities and stabilities of the Pt/ceria catalyst towards ethanol electro-oxidation reactions (EOR) and methanol electro-oxidation reactions (MOR) were investigated by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic methods in 0.5 M sulfuric acid and 1.0 M sodium hydroxide solutions at various concentrations of ethanol and methanol. The kinetics of ethanol and methanol on a Pt/ceria composite electrode were measured in 0.5 M sulfuric acid and 1.0 M sodium hydroxide solutions using a rotating disk electrode (RDE). Cyclic voltammetry was employed in temperatures ranging from 15 to 55°C to provide quantitative and qualitative information on the kinetics of alcohol oxidation. The temperature dependence of the electro-catalytic activities afforded the determination of apparent activation energies for ethanol and methanol oxidation.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2011
- Identifier
- CFE0003628, ucf:48853
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0003628
- Title
- Perovskite catalysts enhanced combustion on porous media and thermoelectric power conversion.
- Creator
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Robayo, Manuel, Orlovskaya, Nina, Chen, Ruey-Hung, Kapat, Jayanta, Vasu Sumathi, Subith, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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A combustion chamber incorporating a high temperature porous matrix was design and tested. The effects and merits of combining combustion on porous media and catalytic enhancement were explored, in addition to the proof of concept of integrating these technologies with simple heat engines, such as thermoelectric generators, to generate efficient and reliable power. The direct observation of the flame during the combustion becomes possible due to a specially designed stainless steel chamber...
Show moreA combustion chamber incorporating a high temperature porous matrix was design and tested. The effects and merits of combining combustion on porous media and catalytic enhancement were explored, in addition to the proof of concept of integrating these technologies with simple heat engines, such as thermoelectric generators, to generate efficient and reliable power. The direct observation of the flame during the combustion becomes possible due to a specially designed stainless steel chamber incorporating a quartz window where the initiation and propagation of the combustion reaction/flame was directly visible. The simple design of the combustion chamber allowed for a series of thermocouples to be arranged on the central axis of the porous media. With the thermocouples as output and two flow controllers controlling the volumetric flow of fuel and air as input, it was possible to explore the behavior of the flame at different volumetric flow ranges and fuel to air ratios. Additionally the design allowed for thermoelectric modules to be placed in the walls of the combustion chamber. Using combustion as a heat source and passive fins for cooling, the device was able to generate enough power to power a small portable electronic device. The effects of La-Sr-Fe-Cr-Ru based perovskite catalysts, on matrix stabilized combustion in a porous ceramic media were also explored. Highly porous silicon carbide ceramics are used as a porous media for a catalytically enhanced superadiabatic combustion of a lean mixture of methane and air. Perovskite catalytic enhancement of SiC porous matrix with La0.75Sr0.25Fe0.6Cr0.35Ru0.05O3, La0.75Sr0.25Fe0.6Cr0.4O3, La0.75Sr0.25Fe0.95Ru0.05O3, La0.75Sr0.05Cr0.95Ru0.05O3, and LaFe0.95Ru0.05O3 were used to enhance combustion. The flammability limits of the combustion of methane and air were explored using both inert and catalytically enhanced surfaces of the porous ceramic media. By coating the SiC porous media with perovskite catalysts it was possible to lower the minimum stable equivalence ratio and achieve more efficient combustion.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- CFE0005543, ucf:50315
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005543
- Title
- SIZE-EFFECT OF PD NANOPARTICLES SUPPORTED ON ZRO2 IN THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NO BY H2.
- Creator
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Joh, YoungWoo, Roldan, Beatriz, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
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Size-selected Pd nanoparticles were synthesized by the reverse-micelle encapsulation method and deposited on a ZrO2 support for the catalytic NO reduction by H2. All of our samples were found to be highly selective, but a significant size effect was not seen for Pd nanoparticles of between 1.2 nm and 5.5 nm. Ultra-small Pd clusters of less than 1 nm were found to be much less active, and are assumed to be affected by an encapsulation effect of the support. Catalyst activity was comparable to...
Show moreSize-selected Pd nanoparticles were synthesized by the reverse-micelle encapsulation method and deposited on a ZrO2 support for the catalytic NO reduction by H2. All of our samples were found to be highly selective, but a significant size effect was not seen for Pd nanoparticles of between 1.2 nm and 5.5 nm. Ultra-small Pd clusters of less than 1 nm were found to be much less active, and are assumed to be affected by an encapsulation effect of the support. Catalyst activity was comparable to that of literature, and is applicable to H2-SCR research.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2011
- Identifier
- CFH0003863, ucf:44687
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFH0003863
- Title
- Catalyst Design and Mechanism Study with Computational Method for Small Molecule Activation.
- Creator
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Liu, Muqiong, Zou, Shengli, Harper, James, Dixon, Donovan, Chen, Gang, Feng, Xiaofeng, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
-
Computational chemistry is a branch of modern chemistry that utilizes the computers to solve chemical problems. The fundamental of computational chemistry is Schr(&)#246;dinger equation. To solve the equation, researchers developed many methods based on Born-Oppenheimer Approximation, such as Hartree-Fock method and DFT method, etc. Computational chemistry is now widely used on reaction mechanism study and new chemical designing.In the first project described in Chapter 3, we designed...
Show moreComputational chemistry is a branch of modern chemistry that utilizes the computers to solve chemical problems. The fundamental of computational chemistry is Schr(&)#246;dinger equation. To solve the equation, researchers developed many methods based on Born-Oppenheimer Approximation, such as Hartree-Fock method and DFT method, etc. Computational chemistry is now widely used on reaction mechanism study and new chemical designing.In the first project described in Chapter 3, we designed phosphine oxide modified Ag3, Au3 and Cu3 nanocluster catalysts with DFT method. We found that these catalysts were able to catalyze the activation of H2 by cleaving the H-H bond asymmetrically. The activated catalyst-2H complex can be further used as reducing agent to hydrogenate CO molecule to afford HCHO. The mechanism study of these catalysts showed that the electron transfer from electron-rich metal clusters to O atom on the phosphine oxide ligand is the major driving force for H2 activation. In addition, different substituent groups on phosphine oxide ligand were tested. Both H affinity of metal and the substituent groups on ligand can both affect the activation energy.Another project described in Chapter 4 is the modelling of catalyst with DFT. We chose borane/NHC frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) catalyzed methane activation reaction as example to establish a relationship between activation energy and catalysts' physical properties. After performing simulation, we further proved the well-accepted theory that the electron transfer is the main driving force of catalysis. Furthermore, we were able to establish a linearivrelationship for each borane between activation energy and the geometrical mean value of HOMO/LUMO energy gap (?EMO). Based on that, we introduced the formation energy of borane/NHC complex (?EF) and successfully established a generalized relationship between Ea and geometrical mean value of ?EMO and ?EF. This model can be used to predict reactivity of catalysts.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2018
- Identifier
- CFE0007343, ucf:52112
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007343
- Title
- First Principles Studies of Pattern Formations and Reactions on Catalyst Surfaces.
- Creator
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Le, Duy, Rahman, Talat, Roldan Cuenya, Beatriz, Schelling, Patrick, Sohn, Yongho, University of Central Florida
- Abstract / Description
-
This dissertation undertakes theoretical research into the adsorption, pattern formation, and reactions of atoms, molecules, and layered materials on catalyst surfaces. These investigations are carried out from first-principles calculations of electronic and geometric structures using density functional theory (DFT) for predictions and simulations at the atomic scale. The results should be useful for further study of the catalytic activities of materials and for engineering functional...
Show moreThis dissertation undertakes theoretical research into the adsorption, pattern formation, and reactions of atoms, molecules, and layered materials on catalyst surfaces. These investigations are carried out from first-principles calculations of electronic and geometric structures using density functional theory (DFT) for predictions and simulations at the atomic scale. The results should be useful for further study of the catalytic activities of materials and for engineering functional nanostructures.The first part of the dissertation focuses on systematic first-principles simulations of the energetic pathways of CO oxidation on the Cu2O(100) surface. These simulations show CO to oxidize spontaneously on the O-terminated Cu2O(100) surface by consuming surface oxygen atoms. The O-vacancy on Cu2O(100) then is subsequently healed by dissociative adsorption of atmospheric O2 molecules.The second part discusses the pattern formation of hydrogen on two and three layers of Co film grown on the Cu(111) surface. It is found that increasing the pressure of H2 changes the hydrogen structure from 2H-(2 x 2) to H-p(1 x 1) through an intermediate structure of 6H-(3 x 3).The third part compares the results of different ways of introducing van der Waals (vdW) interactions into DFT simulations of the adsorption and pattern formation of various molecules on certain substrates. Examinations of the physisorption of five nucleobases on graphene and of n-alkane on Pt(111) demonstrate the importance of taking vdW interactions into account, and of doing so in a way that is best suited to the particular system in question. More importantly, as the adsorption of 1,4 diaminebenzene molecules on Au(111) shows inclusion of vdW interactions is crucial for accurate simulation of the pattern formation.The final part carries out first-principles calculations of the geometric and electronic structure of the Moire pattern of a single layer of Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on Cu(111). The results reveal three possible stacking types. They also demonstrate that the MoS2 layer to be chemisorbed, albeit weakly, and that, while Cu surface atoms are vertically disordered, the layer itself is not strongly buckled.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2012
- Identifier
- CFE0004224, ucf:48991
- Format
- Document (PDF)
- PURL
- http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004224
