Current Search: sintering (x)
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Title
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Processing of Advanced Infrared Materials.
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Creator
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Mcgill, Daniel, Richardson, Kathleen, Gaume, Romain, Christodoulides, Demetrios, Rivero Baleine, Clara, University of Central Florida
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Abstract / Description
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Infrared transparent glassy and crystalline materials often have unique and complex processing requirements but are an important class of materials for such applications as optical windows, lenses, waveplates, polarizers and beam splitters. This thesis investigates two specific materials, one amorphous and one crystalline, that are candidates for use in the short and midwave-infrared and mid and longwave infrared, respectively. It is demonstrated that an innovative uniaxial sintering process,...
Show moreInfrared transparent glassy and crystalline materials often have unique and complex processing requirements but are an important class of materials for such applications as optical windows, lenses, waveplates, polarizers and beam splitters. This thesis investigates two specific materials, one amorphous and one crystalline, that are candidates for use in the short and midwave-infrared and mid and longwave infrared, respectively. It is demonstrated that an innovative uniaxial sintering process, which uses a sacrificial pressure-transmitting medium, can be used to fully densify a 70TeO2-20WO3-10La2O3 (TWL) glass powder. The characteristics of the sintered TWL glass is compared to that of a parent glass produced through a conventional melt/quench process to ascertain the impact of process-specific property changes on the resulting material. Additionally, the design, construction and characterization of a custom-made transparent Bridgman crystal growth furnace is undertaken to enable growth of highly birefringent tellurium single crystal. The key obstacles that need to be overcome to scale up the size of the grown crystals are summarized with the end goal of producing commercial grade optical elements.
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Date Issued
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2019
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Identifier
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CFE0007894, ucf:52761
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007894
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Title
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SINTERING ADDITIVES FOR NANOCRYSTALLINE TITANIA AND PROCESSING OF POROUS BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS.
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Creator
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MENON, ARUN, Kalita, Samar, University of Central Florida
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Abstract / Description
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Titania (Titanium dioxide, TiO2) has been researched as a promising biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, the main limitation of titania is its poor mechanical properties which limit its use in many load-bearing applications. In this thesis report, the properties of titania were improved by doping with small quantities of MgO, ZnO and SiO2 as sintering additives. Nanocrystalline powder was selected, as it possesses outstanding properties over conventional coarse-grained...
Show moreTitania (Titanium dioxide, TiO2) has been researched as a promising biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, the main limitation of titania is its poor mechanical properties which limit its use in many load-bearing applications. In this thesis report, the properties of titania were improved by doping with small quantities of MgO, ZnO and SiO2 as sintering additives. Nanocrystalline powder was selected, as it possesses outstanding properties over conventional coarse-grained powders due to reduced grain size. Nanocrystalline anatase powder of size 5-15 nm was synthesized via a simple sol-gel technique. Small quantities of dopants were introduced into pure titania powder, through homogeneous mixing. The doped powder compositions were compacted uniaxially and sintered at 1300oC and 1500oC, separately, in air. The effects of sintering cycle and temperature on the microstructure, densification and mechanical properties of the sintered structures were studied. Mg doped structures recorded maximum sintered density of 3.87 g.cm-3. Phase analysis was carried out using powder XRD technique using Cu K radiation. Microstructural analysis was performed using Scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were assessed by evaluating hardness and biaxial flexural strength (ASTM F-394) of the structures. Results showed 12% increase in hardness and 18% increase in biaxial flexural strength in structures doped with ZnO and SiO2, respectively. Further, simulated body fluid maintained at 36.5oC was used to study the bioactivity and degradation behavior of the structures. The second part of the work aimed in the processing of porous titania scaffolds using polyethylene glycol as the pore-former. The green structures were sintered at 1400oC and 1500oC, separately in air and their properties have been studied. Microstructural analysis was carried out using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Porosity was evaluated using the immersion technique. Vickers hardness and biaxial flexural tests were used to carry out the mechanical characterization. Further, the biomechanical/biodegradation behavior of the structures was assessed in simulated body fluid (SBF). Biodegradation and change in biomechanical properties as a function of time were studied in terms of weight change, change in Vickers hardness and biaxial flexural strength. The mechanical properties of porous titania scaffolds doped separately with MgO and ZnO have also been studied to investigate the influence of these additives on the properties of porous structures. The Vickers hardness and biaxial flexural strength were seen to improve with the addition of these sintering additives.
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Date Issued
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2009
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Identifier
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CFE0002555, ucf:47632
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0002555
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Title
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Electrospray and Superlens Effect of Microdroplets for Laser-Assisted Nanomanufacturing.
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Creator
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Castillo Orozco, Eduardo, Kumar, Ranganathan, Mansy, Hansen, Peles, Yoav, University of Central Florida
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Abstract / Description
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Nanoparticles of various materials are known to exhibit excellent mechanical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties. However, it is difficult to deposit and transform nanoparticles into large two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures, such as thin films and discrete arrays. Electrospray technology and laser heating enable the deposition of these nanoparticles through the dual role of microdroplets as nanoparticle carriers and superlenses. The main goals of this dissertation are...
Show moreNanoparticles of various materials are known to exhibit excellent mechanical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties. However, it is difficult to deposit and transform nanoparticles into large two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures, such as thin films and discrete arrays. Electrospray technology and laser heating enable the deposition of these nanoparticles through the dual role of microdroplets as nanoparticle carriers and superlenses. The main goals of this dissertation are to delineate the electrospray modes, to achieve subwavelength focusing, and to enable a process for the deposition of nanoparticles into microlayers and discrete nanodots (a nanodot is a cluster of nanoparticles) on rigid and flexible substrates. This additive manufacturing process is based on the electrospray generation of water microdroplets that carry nanoparticles onto a substrate and the laser sintering of these nanoparticles. The process involves injecting nanoparticles (contained inside electric field-driven water microdroplets) into a hollow laser beam. The laser beam heats the droplets, causing the water to evaporate and the nanoparticles to sinter and form deposit of material on the substrate.The electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing of nanoparticle suspensions has been accomplished by the operation of an electrospray in microdripping mode and it allows the deposition of monodisperse microdroplets containing nanoparticles into discrete nanodot arrays, narrow lines, and thin films. For flow rates with low Reynolds number, the mode changes from dripping to microdripping mode, and then to a planar oscillating microdripping mode as the electric capillary number, Cae increases. The microdripping mode which is important for depositing discrete array of nanodots is found to occur in a narrow range, 2 ? Cae ? 2.5. The effect of the physical properties on the droplet size and frequency of droplet formation is more precisely described by the relative influence of the electric, gravity, viscous, and capillary forces. A scaling analysis is derived from a fundamental force balance and has yielded a parameter based on the electric capillary number, capillary number, and Bond number. Results for different nanoparticle suspensions with a wide range of physical properties show that the normalized radius of droplet, can be correlated using this parameter in both dripping and microdripping modes. The same parameter also correlates the normalized frequency of droplet formation, Nd* as an increasing function in the microdripping mode. Viscosity affects the shape of the cone by resisting its deformation and thus promoting a stable microdripping mode. Reduction in surface tension decreases the droplet size in the electrospray modes. However, the capillary size and electrical conductivity have minimal effect on the size of the ejected droplets. Electrical conductivity affects the transition between microdripping and oscillating microdripping modes. Based on this analysis, it is possible to design the electrospray to produce uniform monodisperse droplets by manipulating the voltage at the electrode, for any desired nanoparticle concentration of a suspension to be sintered on a substrate. For the fabrication of nanodots, a laser beam of wavelength ? = 1064 nm was focused to a diameter smaller than its wavelength. When the microdroplets did not carry nanoparticles, the subwavelength focusing of the laser yielded nanoholes smaller than its wavelength. Results show that tiny features with high resolution can be created by loading microdroplets with nanoparticles and squeezing the laser beam to subwavelength regions. Nanodots of silicon and germanium with diameters between 100 - 500 nm have been deposited on a silicon substrate. This study demonstrates an interdisciplinary mechanism to achieve subwavelength focusing in a laser process. In this process, the microdroplets serve as both a nanoparticle carrier and a superlens that focuses a laser beam to subwavelength diameters up to ? /10, thus overcoming the diffraction limit. The microdroplets are generated from a suspension of nanoparticles using an electrospray technique and the superlens characteristic of these microdroplets is attributed to three optical phenomena such as Maxwell's fish eye lens or L(&)#252;neberg lens, evanescent waves by laser scattering, and evanescent waves by the total internal reflection principle. A microfluidic cooling effect can also contribute to creating subwavelength features. In summary, this work describes a new laser-assisted additive manufacturing process for the fabrication of nanodots and microlayers using nanoparticles of different materials. In this process, microdroplets from an electrospray are used as nanoparticle carriers and superlenses to focus the laser to a diameter smaller than its wavelength. While this process is demonstrated to produce subwavelength holes and nanodots, the process is scalable to produce narrow lines and thin films of semiconductor materials by an additive manufacturing technique. This process extends the application of infrared lasers to the production of nanostructures and nanofeatures, and, therefore, provides a novel technology for nanomanufacturing.
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Date Issued
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2018
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Identifier
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CFE0007563, ucf:52579
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007563
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Title
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ALUMINA-ALUMINUM TITANATE-TITANIA NANOCOMPOSITE: SYNTHESIS, SINTERING STUDIES, ASSESSMENT OF BIOACTIVITY AND ITS MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES.
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Creator
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Somani, Vikas, Kalita, Samar, University of Central Florida
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Abstract / Description
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This thesis reports the development, synthesis and characterization of a ceramic-ceramic nanocomposite system for its possible application as structural and electronic biomaterial in the biomedical industry. The study selected and synthesized alumina-aluminum titanate-titania (Al2O3-Al2TiO5-TiO2) nanoceramic composite using a simple Sol-Gel technique, which can be easily reproduced. Aluminum propoxide and titanium propoxide were used as precursor chemicals. Propanol and 2- methoxy ethanol...
Show moreThis thesis reports the development, synthesis and characterization of a ceramic-ceramic nanocomposite system for its possible application as structural and electronic biomaterial in the biomedical industry. The study selected and synthesized alumina-aluminum titanate-titania (Al2O3-Al2TiO5-TiO2) nanoceramic composite using a simple Sol-Gel technique, which can be easily reproduced. Aluminum propoxide and titanium propoxide were used as precursor chemicals. Propanol and 2- methoxy ethanol were used as solvent and stabilizer, respectively. Thermal analyses were performed for a systematic understanding of phase evolution from the synthesized gel. X-Ray diffraction technique was used to confirm the phase evolution, phase purity, crystallite size and crystal structure(s) of the phase(s). Calcination of the powder at low temperatures (700°C) leads to formation of Al2O3-TiO2 nanocomposite and at higher temperatures into Al2O3-Al2TiO5-TiO2 nanocomposite confirmed by XRD analysis. Electron microscopic techniques were used to investigate powder morphology, crystallite size and inter-planner spacing. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy images of the calcined powder showed agglomerates of powder particles with particle size in 15-20 nm range. As-synthesized powder was uniaxially pressed into cylindrical pellets and sintered at elevated temperatures (1000-1400oC) to study the sintering behavior, densification characteristics, and measurement of mechanical and electrical properties and assessment of bioactivity. Phase transformation induced by the sintering process was analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction technique. The effects of nanosize of powder particles and multi-phases on densification, and mechanical and electrical properties were investigated. Vickers hardness and biaxial flexural strength tests were used to determine mechanical properties. Bioactivity of the nanocomposite was assessed in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), which has the same ionic concentration as that of human plasma. Effects of biodegradation and change in mechanical properties of the composite when kept in SBF and maintained in a static condition were studied in terms of weight loss, change in the pH of the acellular solution and change in mechanical properties (hardness and biaxial strength). Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to observe the formation of apatite crystals on the surface of the nanocomposite specimens soaked in SBF. The results obtained throw light on biocompatibility and bioactivity of Al2TiO5 phase, which has not been reported so far in the literature to the best of our knowledge. Dielectric constant and dissipation factor of the sintered nanocomposite pellets were measured using HP 4284A impedance-capacitance-resistance meter and 16451 B dielectric test fixture at 1 MHz frequency. The effects of sintering time, temperature and phases present on the electrical properties were studied and are reported in the thesis.
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Date Issued
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2006
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Identifier
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CFE0001092, ucf:46775
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0001092
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Title
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Regolith-Based Construction Materials for Lunar and Martian Colonies.
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Creator
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Grossman, Kevin, Seal, Sudipta, Florczyk, Stephen, Fang, Jiyu, Zhai, Lei, Leuenberger, Michael, University of Central Florida
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Abstract / Description
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Humankind's ambitions of exploring our solar system and parts beyond depend heavily on our ability to collect resources from local environments at our destinations rather than bringing materials on the journey. This is a concept known as in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) and it is one that has been understood by every explorer and settler in the history of humankind. Regolith on the moon and Mars has been shown to be a particularly useful resource and has the ability to provide humans with...
Show moreHumankind's ambitions of exploring our solar system and parts beyond depend heavily on our ability to collect resources from local environments at our destinations rather than bringing materials on the journey. This is a concept known as in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) and it is one that has been understood by every explorer and settler in the history of humankind. Regolith on the moon and Mars has been shown to be a particularly useful resource and has the ability to provide humans with resources including water, oxygen, construction material, fabric, radiation shielding, metals, and may more. This dissertation focuses on construction materials derived from standard regolith simulant JSC-1A, including bricks, composites, metals and modified powder materials. Sintering processes with JSC-1A were studied to determine optimal heating profiles and resulting compressive strengths. It was determined that the temperature profiles have an optimal effect on smaller particle sizes due to the larger surface area to volume ratio of small particles and sintering being a surface event. Compressive strengths of sintered regolith samples were found to be as high as 38,000 psi, which offers large utility for martian or lunar colonies. This study also investigates a method for extracting metals from regolith known as molten regolith electrolysis. The alloy of the two major metallic components of regolith, iron and silicon, has been investigated as a structural metal for colonies and a potential feedstock for novel metallic 3D printers. Parallel to these efforts, a new additive manufacturing technique designed to print metal parts in low and zero gravity environments is developed. The mechanical properties from metal parts from this technique are examined and it is determined how the printing process determines a microstructure within the steel that impacts the utility of the technology.
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Date Issued
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2018
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Identifier
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CFE0007331, ucf:52144
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007331
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Title
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Microstructure and Chemistry Evaluation of Direct Metal Laser Sintered 15-5 PH Stainless Steel.
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Creator
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Coffy, Kevin, Sohn, Yongho, Coffey, Kevin, Richardson, Martin, University of Central Florida
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Abstract / Description
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15-5PH stainless steel is an important alloy in the aerospace, chemical, and nuclear industries for its high strength and corrosion resistance at high temperature. Thus, this material is a good candidate for processing development in the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) branch of additive manufacturing. The chemistry and microstructure of this alloy processed via DMLS was compared to its conventionally cast counterpart through various heat treatments as part of a characterization effort....
Show more15-5PH stainless steel is an important alloy in the aerospace, chemical, and nuclear industries for its high strength and corrosion resistance at high temperature. Thus, this material is a good candidate for processing development in the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) branch of additive manufacturing. The chemistry and microstructure of this alloy processed via DMLS was compared to its conventionally cast counterpart through various heat treatments as part of a characterization effort. The investigation utilized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) and glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry (GDS) techniques. DMLS processed samples contained a layered microstructure in which the prior austenite grain sizes were relatively smaller than the cast and annealed prior austenite grain size. The largest of the quantifiable DMLS prior austenite grains had an ASTM grain size of approximately 11.5-12 (6.7?m to 5.6?m, respectively) and the cast and annealed prior austenite grain size was approximately 7-7.5 (31.8?m to 26.7?m, respectively), giving insight to the elevated mechanical properties of the DMLS processed alloy. During investigation, significant amounts of retained austenite phase were found in the DMLS processed samples and quantified by XRD analysis. Causes of this phase included high nitrogen content, absorbed during nitrogen gas atomization of the DMLS metal powder and from the DMLS build chamber nitrogen atmosphere. Nitrogen content was quantified by GDS for three samples. DMLS powder produced by nitrogen gas atomization had a nitrogen content of 0.11 wt%. A DMLS processed sample contained 0.08 wt% nitrogen, and a conventionally cast and annealed sample contained only 0.019 wt% nitrogen. In iron based alloys, nitrogen is a significant austenite promoter and reduced the martensite start and finish temperatures, rendering the standard heat treatments for the alloy ineffective in producing full transformation to martensite. Process improvements are proposed along with suggested future research.
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Date Issued
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2014
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Identifier
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CFE0005317, ucf:50507
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005317
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Title
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Fabrication and Characterization of Nonlinear Optical Ceramics for Random Quasi-Phase-Matching.
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Creator
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Chen, Xuan, Gaume, Romain, Richardson, Kathleen, Challapalli, Suryanarayana, Sohn, Yongho, Kuebler, Stephen, University of Central Florida
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Abstract / Description
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A number of technologies rely on the conversion of short laser pulses from one spectral domain to another. Efficient frequency conversion is currently obtained in ordered nonlinear optical materials and requires a periodic spatial modulation of their nonlinear coefficient which results in a narrow bandwidth. One can trade off efficiency for more spectral bandwidth by relaxing the strict phase-matching conditions and achieve nonlinear interaction in carefully engineered disordered crystalline...
Show moreA number of technologies rely on the conversion of short laser pulses from one spectral domain to another. Efficient frequency conversion is currently obtained in ordered nonlinear optical materials and requires a periodic spatial modulation of their nonlinear coefficient which results in a narrow bandwidth. One can trade off efficiency for more spectral bandwidth by relaxing the strict phase-matching conditions and achieve nonlinear interaction in carefully engineered disordered crystalline aggregates, in a so-called random quasi-phase-matching (rQPM) process. In this dissertation, we examine appropriate fabrication pathways for (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT) and ZnSe transparent ceramics for applications in the mid-IR. The main challenge associated with the fabrication of high transparency PMN-PT ceramics is to avoid the parasitic pyrochlore phase. The most effective method to suppress the formation of this undesired phase is to use magnesium niobate (MgNb2O6) as the starting material. We have found that, contrary to commercially available lead oxide powders, nanopowders synthesized in our lab by the combustion method help improve the densification of ceramics and their overall optical quality. The effects of dopants on the microstructure evolution and phase-purity control in PMN-PT ceramics are also investigated and show that La3+ helps control grain-growth and get a pure perovskite phase, thereby improving the samples transparency. With large second order susceptibility coefficients and wide transmission window from 0.45 to 21 (&)#181;m, polycrystalline zinc selenide is also an ideal candidate material for accessing the MWIR spectrum through rQPM nonlinear interaction. We have investigated non-stoichiometric heat-treatment conditions necessary to develop adequate microstructure for rQPM from commercial CVD-grown ZnSe ceramics. We have been able to demonstrate the world's first optical parametric oscillation (OPO) based on rQPM in ZnSe transparent ceramic, enabling broadband frequency combs spanning 3-7.5 (&)#181;m.
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Date Issued
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2018
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Identifier
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CFE0007748, ucf:52403
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007748
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Title
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Structure, stability, vibrational, thermodynamic, and catalytic properties of metal nanostructures: size, shape, support, and adsorbate effects.
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Creator
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Behafarid, Farzad, Roldan Cuenya, Beatriz, Chow, Lee, Heinrich, Helge, Kara, Abdelkader, Schoenfeld, Winston, University of Central Florida
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Abstract / Description
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Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have provided the scientific community with exciting new opportunities to rationally design and fabricate materials at the nanometer scale with drastically different properties as compared to their bulk counterparts. In this dissertation, several challenges have been tackled in aspects related to nanoparticle (NP) synthesis and characterization, allowing us to make homogenous, size- and shape-selected NPs via the use of colloidal chemistry,...
Show moreRecent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have provided the scientific community with exciting new opportunities to rationally design and fabricate materials at the nanometer scale with drastically different properties as compared to their bulk counterparts. In this dissertation, several challenges have been tackled in aspects related to nanoparticle (NP) synthesis and characterization, allowing us to make homogenous, size- and shape-selected NPs via the use of colloidal chemistry, and to gain in depth understanding of their distinct physical and chemical properties via the synergistic use of a variety of ex situ, in situ, and operando experimental tools. A variety of phenomena relevant to nanosized materials were investigated, including the role of the NP size and shape in the thermodynamic and electronic properties of NPs, their thermal stability, NP-support interactions, coarsening phenomena, and the evolution of the NP structure and chemical state under different environments and reaction conditions.
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Date Issued
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2012
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Identifier
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CFE0004779, ucf:49796
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004779
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Title
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Characterization of Anisotropic Mechanical Performance of As-Built Additively Manufactured Metals.
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Creator
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Siddiqui, Sanna, Gordon, Ali, Raghavan, Seetha, Bai, Yuanli, Sohn, Yongho, University of Central Florida
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Abstract / Description
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Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies use a 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) model to develop a component through a deposition and fusion layer process, allowing for rapid design and geometric flexibility of metal components, for use in the aerospace, energy and biomedical industries. Challenges exist with additive manufacturing that limits its replacement of conventional manufacturing techniques, most especially a comprehensive understanding of the anisotropic behavior of these materials...
Show moreAdditive manufacturing (AM) technologies use a 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) model to develop a component through a deposition and fusion layer process, allowing for rapid design and geometric flexibility of metal components, for use in the aerospace, energy and biomedical industries. Challenges exist with additive manufacturing that limits its replacement of conventional manufacturing techniques, most especially a comprehensive understanding of the anisotropic behavior of these materials and how it is reflected in observed tensile, torsional and fatigue mechanical responses. As such, there is a need to understand how the build orientation of as-built additively manufactured metals, affects mechanical performance (e.g. monotonic and cyclic behavior, cyclically hardening/softening behavior, plasticity effects on fatigue life etc.); and to use constitutive modeling to both support experimental findings, and provide approximations of expected behavior (e.g. failure surfaces, monotonic and cyclic response, correlations between tensile and fatigue properties), for orientations and experiments not tested, due to the expensive cost associated with AM. A comprehensive framework has been developed to characterize the anisotropic behavior of as-built additively manufactured metals (i.e. Stainless Steel GP1 (SS GP1), similar in chemical composition to Stainless Steel 17-4PH), through a series of mechanical testing, microscopic evaluation and constitutive modeling, which were used to identify a reduced specimen size for characterizing these materials. An analysis of the torsional response of additively manufactured Inconel 718 has been performed to assess the impact of build orientation and as-built conditions on the shearing behavior of this material. Experimental results from DMLS SS GP1 and AM Inconel 718 from literature were used to constitutively model the material responses of these additively manufactured metals. Overall, this framework has been designed to serve as standard, from which build orientation selection can be used to meet specific desired industry requirements.
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Date Issued
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2018
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Identifier
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CFE0007097, ucf:52883
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Format
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Document (PDF)
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PURL
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http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007097