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Title: Development of a Tabletop Coherent Soft X-ray Source.
Creator: Kong, Hanfu, Chang, Zenghu, Yu, Xiaoming, Neupane, Madhab, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: The goal of this thesis is to design a tabletop coherent soft X-ray source for attosecond high resolution imaging. We collect signals from gas cells with different length and lens with different focal length. A spectrometer with a grating and a CCD camera is applied to observe and measure the spectrum of the X-ray attosecond pulses. This thesis first introduces the theory background of ultrafast lasers, then mainly explains high harmonic generation, which is the key method for attosecond...
Show moreThe goal of this thesis is to design a tabletop coherent soft X-ray source for attosecond high resolution imaging. We collect signals from gas cells with different length and lens with different focal length. A spectrometer with a grating and a CCD camera is applied to observe and measure the spectrum of the X-ray attosecond pulses. This thesis first introduces the theory background of ultrafast lasers, then mainly explains high harmonic generation, which is the key method for attosecond pulses generation, subsequently presents the experiment system and analyzes the results from the experiment, also compares different combinations of parameters of the devices.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: CFE0007407, ucf:52732
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007407

Title: Filtering Problems in Stochastic Tomography.
Creator: Gomez, Tyler, Swanson, Jason, Yong, Jiongmin, Tamasan, Alexandru, Dogariu, Aristide, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Distinguishing signal from noise has always been a major goal in probabilistic analysis of data. Such is no less the case in the field of medical imaging, where both the processes of photon emission and their rate of absorption by the body behave as random variables. We explore methods by which to extricate solid conclusions from noisy data involving an X-ray transform, long the mathematical mainstay of such tools as computed axial tomography (CAT scans). Working on the assumption of having...
Show moreDistinguishing signal from noise has always been a major goal in probabilistic analysis of data. Such is no less the case in the field of medical imaging, where both the processes of photon emission and their rate of absorption by the body behave as random variables. We explore methods by which to extricate solid conclusions from noisy data involving an X-ray transform, long the mathematical mainstay of such tools as computed axial tomography (CAT scans). Working on the assumption of having some prior probabilities assigned to various states a body can be found in, we introduce and make rigorous an understanding of how to condition these into posterior probabilities by using the scan data.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: CFE0006740, ucf:51839
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0006740

Title: X-ray Scattering Investigations of Metallic Thin Films.
Creator: Warren, Andrew, Coffey, Kevin, Sohn, Yongho, Suryanarayana, Challapalli, Heinrich, Helge, Barmak, Katayun, Toney, Michael, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Nanometric thin films are used widely throughout various industries and for various applications. Metallic thin films, specifically, are relied upon extensively in the microelectronics industry, among others. For example, alloy thin films are being investigated for CMOS applications, tungsten films find uses as contacts and diffusion barriers, and copper is used often as interconnect material. Appropriate metrology methods must therefore be used to characterize the physical properties of...
Show moreNanometric thin films are used widely throughout various industries and for various applications. Metallic thin films, specifically, are relied upon extensively in the microelectronics industry, among others. For example, alloy thin films are being investigated for CMOS applications, tungsten films find uses as contacts and diffusion barriers, and copper is used often as interconnect material. Appropriate metrology methods must therefore be used to characterize the physical properties of these films. X-ray scattering experiments are well suited for the investigation of nano-scaled systems, and are the focus of this doctoral dissertation. Emphasis is placed on (1) phase identification of polycrystalline thin films, (2) the evaluation of the grain size and microstrain of metallic thin films by line profile analysis, and (3) the study of morphological evolution in solid/solid interfaces.To illustrate the continued relevance of x-ray diffraction for phase identification of simple binary alloy systems, Pt-Ru thin films, spanning the compositional range from pure Pt to pure Ru were investigated. In these experiments, a meta-stable extension of the HCP phase is observed in which the steepest change in the electronic work function coincides with a rapid change in the c/a ratio of the HCP phase.For grain size and microstrain analysis, established line profile methods are discussed in terms of Cu and W thin film analysis. Grain sizes obtained by x-ray diffraction are compared to transmission electron microscopy based analyses. Significant discrepancies between x-ray and electron microscopy are attributed to sub-grain misorientations arising from dislocation core spreading at the film/substrate interface. A novel "residual" full width half max parameter is introduced for examining the contribution of strain to x-ray peak broadening. The residual width is subsequently used to propose an empirical method of line profile analysis for thin films on substrates.X-ray reflectivity was used to study the evolution of interface roughness with annealing for a series of Cu thin films that were encapsulated in both SiO2 and Ta/SiO2. While all samples follow similar growth dynamics, notable differences in the roughness evolution with high temperature ex-situ annealing were observed. The annealing resulted in a smoothing of only one interface for the SiO2 encapsulated films, while neither interface of the Ta/SiO2 encapsulated films evolved significantly. The fact that only the upper Cu/SiO2 interface evolves is attributed to mechanical pinning of the lower interface to the rigid substrate. The lack of evolution of the Cu/Ta/SiO2 interface is consistent with the lower diffusivity expected of Cu in a Cu/Ta interface as compared to that in a Cu/SiO2 interface. The smoothing of the upper Cu/SiO2 interface qualitatively follows that expected for capillarity driven surface diffusion but with notable quantitative deviation.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: CFE0004770, ucf:49784
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004770

Title: OPTIMIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF AS-MANUFACTURED GRAZING INCIDENCE X-RAY TELESCOPES USING MOSAIC DETECTOR ARRAYS.
Creator: Atanassova, Martina, Harvey, James, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: The field of X-ray astronomy is only forty (43) years old, and grazing incidence X-ray telescopes have only been conceived and designed for a little over fifty (50) years. The Wolter Type I design is particularly well suited for stellar astronomical telescopes (very small field-of-view). The first orbiting X-ray observatory, HEAO-1 was launched in 1977, a mere twenty-eight (28) years ago. Since that time large nested Wolter Type I X-ray telescopes have been designed, build, and launched by...
Show moreThe field of X-ray astronomy is only forty (43) years old, and grazing incidence X-ray telescopes have only been conceived and designed for a little over fifty (50) years. The Wolter Type I design is particularly well suited for stellar astronomical telescopes (very small field-of-view). The first orbiting X-ray observatory, HEAO-1 was launched in 1977, a mere twenty-eight (28) years ago. Since that time large nested Wolter Type I X-ray telescopes have been designed, build, and launched by the European Space Agency (ROSAT) and NASA (the Chandra Observatory). Several smaller grazing incidence telescopes have been launched for making solar observations (SOHO, HESP, SXI). These grazing incidence designs tend to suffer from severe aberrations and at these very short wavelengths scattering effects from residual optical fabrication errors are another major source of image degradation. The fabrication of precision optical surfaces for grazing incidence X-ray telescopes thus poses a great technological challenge. Both the residual "figure" errors and the residual microroughness or "finish" of the manufactured mirrors must be precisely measured, and the image degradation due to these fabrication errors must be accurately modeled in order to predict the final optical performance of the as manufactured telescope. The fabrication process thus consists of a series of polishing and testing cycles with the predictions from the metrology data of each cycle indicating the strategy for the next polishing cycle. Most commercially available optical design and analysis software analyzes the image degradation effects of diffraction and aberrations, but does not adequately model the image degradation effects of surface scatter or the effects of state-of-the-art mosaic detectors. The work presented in this dissertation is in support of the Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) program. We have developed a rigorous procedure by which to analyze detector effects in systems which exhibit severe field-dependent aberrations (conventional transfer function analysis is not applicable). Furthermore, we developed a technique to balance detector effects with geometrical aberrations, during the design process, for wide-field applications. We then included these detector effects in a complete systems engineering analysis (including the effects of diffraction, geometrical aberrations, surface scatter effects, the mirror manufacturer error budget tree, and detector effects) of image quality for the five SXI telescopes being fabricated for NOAA's next generation GOES weather satellites. In addition we have re-optimized the remaining optical design parameters after the grazing incidence SXI mirrors have been imperfectly fabricated. This ability depends critically upon the adoption of an image quality criterion, or merit function, appropriate for the specific application. In particular, we discuss in detail how the focal plane position can be adjusted to optimize the optical performance of the telescope to best compensate for optical figure and/or finish errors resulting from the optical fabrication process. Our systems engineering analysis was then used to predict the increase in performance achieved by the re-optimization procedure. The image quality predictions are also compared with real X-ray test data from the SXI program to experimentally validate our system engineering analysis capability.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: CFE0000428, ucf:46387
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0000428

Title: EFFICIENT CONE BEAM RECONSTRUCTION FOR THE DISTORTED CIRCLE AND LINE TRAJECTORY.
Creator: Konate, Souleymane, Katsevich, Alexander, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: We propose an exact filtered backprojection algorithm for inversion of the cone beam data in the case when the trajectory is composed of a distorted circle and a line segment. The length of the scan is determined by the region of interest , and it is independent of the size of the object. With few geometric restrictions on the curve, we show that we have an exact reconstruction. Numerical experiments demonstrate good image quality.
Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: CFE0002530, ucf:47669
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0002530

Title: SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF APPLICATION SPECIFIC PADS AND COPPER CHEMICAL MECHANICAL PLANARIZATION.
Creator: Deshpande, Sameer Arun, Seal, Sudipta, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Advances in the interconnection technology have played a key role in the continued improvement of the integrated circuit (IC) density, performance and cost. Copper (Cu) metallization, dual damascenes processing and integration of copper with low dielectric constant material are key issues in the IC industries. Chemical mechanical planarization of copper (Cu-CMP) has emerged as an important process for the manufacturing of ICs. Usually, Cu-CMP process consists of several steps such as the...
Show moreAdvances in the interconnection technology have played a key role in the continued improvement of the integrated circuit (IC) density, performance and cost. Copper (Cu) metallization, dual damascenes processing and integration of copper with low dielectric constant material are key issues in the IC industries. Chemical mechanical planarization of copper (Cu-CMP) has emerged as an important process for the manufacturing of ICs. Usually, Cu-CMP process consists of several steps such as the removal of surface layer by mechanical action of the pad and the abrasive particles, the dissolution of the abraded particles in the CMP solution, and the protection of the recess areas. The CMP process occurs at the atomic level at the pad/slurry/wafer interface, and hence, slurries and polishing pads play critical role in its successful implementation. The slurry for the Cu-CMP contains chemical components to facilitate the oxidation and removal of excess Cu as well as passivation of the polished surface. During the process, these slurry chemicals also react with the pad. In the present study, investigations were carried out to understand the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant and benzotriazole (BTA) as an inhibitor on the CMP of Cu. Interaction of these slurry components on copper has been investigated using electrochemical studies, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). In the presence of 0.1M glycine, Cu removal rate was found to be high in the solution containing 5% H2O2 at pH 2 because of the Cu-glycine complexation reaction. The dissolution rate of the Cu was found to increase due to the formation of highly soluble Cu-glycine complex in the presence of H2O2. Addition of 0.01M BTA in the solution containing 0.1M glycine and 5% H2O2 at pH 2 exhibited a reduction in the Cu removal rate due to the formation of Cu-BTA complex on the surface of the Cu further inhibiting the dissolution. XPS and SIMS investigations revealed the formation of such Cu-glycine complex, which help understand the mechanism of the Cu-oxidant-inhibitor interaction during polishing. Along with the slurry, pads used in the Cu-CMP process have direct influence an overall process. To overcome problems associated with the current pads, new application specific pad (ASP) have been developed in collaboration with PsiloQuest Inc. Using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process; surface of such ASP pads were modified. Plasma treatment of a polymer surface results in the formation of various functional groups and radicals. Post plasma treatment such as chemical reduction or oxidation imparts a more uniform distribution of such functional groups on the surface of the polymer resulting in unique surface properties. The mechanical properties of such coated pad have been investigated using nano-indentation technique in collaboration with Dr. Vaidyanathan's research group. The surface morphology and the chemistry of the ASP are studied using scanning electron microcopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to understand the formation of different chemical species on the surface. It is observed that the mechanical and the chemical properties of the pad top surface are a function of the PECVD coating time. Such PECVD treated pads are found to be hydrophilic and do not require being stored in aqueous medium during the not-in-use period. The metal removal rate using such surface modified polishing pad is found to increase linearly with the PECVD coating time. Overall, this thesis is an attempt to optimize the two most important parameters of the Cu-CMP process viz. slurry and pads for enhanced performance and ultimately reduce the cost of ownership (CoO).
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: CFE0000125, ucf:46191
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0000125

Title: CLASSICAL SIZE EFFECT IN CU THIN FILMS: IMPACT OF SURFACE AND GRAIN BOUNDARY SCATTERING ON RESISTIVITY.
Creator: Sun, Tik, Coffey, Kevin, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Surface and grain boundary electron scattering contribute significantly to resistivity as the dimensions of polycrystalline metallic conductors are reduced to, and below, the electron mean free path. A quantitative measurement of the relative contributions of surface and grain boundary scattering to resistivity is very challenging, requiring not only the preparation of suitably small conductors having independent variation of the two relevant length scales, namely, the sample critical...
Show moreSurface and grain boundary electron scattering contribute significantly to resistivity as the dimensions of polycrystalline metallic conductors are reduced to, and below, the electron mean free path. A quantitative measurement of the relative contributions of surface and grain boundary scattering to resistivity is very challenging, requiring not only the preparation of suitably small conductors having independent variation of the two relevant length scales, namely, the sample critical dimension and the grain size, but also independent experimental quantification of these two length scales. In most work to date the sample grain size has been either assumed equal to conductor dimension or measured for only a small number of grains. Thus, the quantification of the classical size effect still suffers from an uncertainty in the relative contributions of surface and grain boundary scattering. In this work, a quantitative analysis of both surface and grain boundary scattering in Cu thin films with independent variation of film thickness (27 nm to 158 nm) and grain size (35 nm to 425 nm) in samples prepared by sub-ambient temperature film deposition followed by annealing is reported. Film resistivities of carefully characterized samples were measured at both room temperature and at 4.2 K and were compared with several scattering models that include the effects of surface and grain boundary scattering. Grain boundary scattering is found to provide the strongest contribution to the resistivity increase. However, a weaker, but significant, role is also observed for surface scattering. Several of the published models for grain boundary and surface scattering are explored and the Matthiessen's rule combination of the Mayadas and Shatzkes' model of grain boundary scattering and Fuchs and Sondheimer's model of surface scattering resistivity contributions is found to be most appropriate. It is found that the experimental data are best described by a grain boundary reflection coefficient of 0.43 and a surface specularity coefficient of 0.52. This analysis finds a significantly lower contribution from surface scattering than has been reported in previous works, which is in part due to the careful quantitative microstructural characterization of samples performed. The data does suggest that there is a roughness dependence to the surface scattering, but this was not conclusively demonstrated. Voids and impurities were found to have negligible impact on the measured resistivities of the carefully prepared films.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: CFE0002959, ucf:47949
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0002959

Title: Generation and Characterization of Isolated Attosecond Pulse in the Soft X-ray Regime.
Creator: Li, Jie, Chang, Zenghu, Delfyett, Peter, Vanstryland, Eric, Chen, Bo, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: The observation of any atomic and molecular dynamics requires a probe that has a timescale comparable to the dynamics itself. Ever since the invention of laser, the temporal duration of the laser pulse has been incrementally reduced from several nanoseconds to just attoseconds. Picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses have been widely used to study molecular rotation and vibration. In 2001, the first single isolated attosecond pulse (1 attosecond = 10^-18 seconds.) was demonstrated. Since this...
Show moreThe observation of any atomic and molecular dynamics requires a probe that has a timescale comparable to the dynamics itself. Ever since the invention of laser, the temporal duration of the laser pulse has been incrementally reduced from several nanoseconds to just attoseconds. Picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses have been widely used to study molecular rotation and vibration. In 2001, the first single isolated attosecond pulse (1 attosecond = 10^-18 seconds.) was demonstrated. Since this breakthrough, (")attoscience(") has become a hot topic in ultrafast physics. Attosecond pulses typically have span between EUV to X-ray photon energies and sub-femtosecond pulse duration. It becomes an ideal tool for experimentalists to study ultrafast electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and condensed matter. The conventional scheme for generating attosecond pulses is focusing an intense femtosecond laser pulse into inert gases. The bound electrons are ionized into continuum through tunneling ionization under the strong electrical field. After ionization, the free electron will be accelerated by the laser field away from the parent ion and then recombined with its parent ion and releases its kinetic energy as a photon burst that lasts for a few hundred attoseconds. According to the classical (")three-step model("), high order harmonic will have a higher cutoff photon energy when driven by a longer wavelength laser field. Compared to Ti:sapphire lasers center at a wavelength of 800 nm, an optical parametric amplifier could offer a broad bandwidth at infrared range, which could support few cycle pulses for driving high harmonic generation in the X-ray spectrum range. In this work, an optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification system was developed to deliver CEP-stable 3-mJ, 12-fs pulses centered at 1.7 micron. We implement a chirped-pump technique to phase match the board parametric amplification bandwidth with high conversion efficiency. Using such a laser source, isolated attosecond pulses with photon exceeding 300 eV are achieved by applying the polarization gating technique at 1.7 micron. The intrinsic positive chirp of the attosecond pulses is measured by the attosecond streak camera and retrieved with our PROOF technique. Sn metal filters with negative dispersion were chosen to compensate the intrinsic attochirp. As a result, isolated 53-attosecond soft x-ray pulses are achieved. Such water window attosecond source will be a powerful tool for studying charge distribution/migration in bio-molecules and will bring opportunities to study high field physics or attochemistry.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: CFE0007040, ucf:52007
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0007040

Title: PERFORMANCE IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE COLOR-CODESIN AIRPORT X-RAY BAGGAGE SCREENING.
Creator: Hilscher, Matthew, Jentsch, Florian, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: This research investigated both cognitive and affective influences of alternative color combinations in a search task paradigm. The effects of re-mapping the existing, comparatively arbitrarily color codes of baggage X-ray images, were explored. Alternative color-codes were evaluated for improving the economy of visual search in X-ray baggage screening. Using a 2 x 2 between-groups design, the perceptual aspects of color-codes varying in degree of visual agreeability (accordant or discordant)...
Show moreThis research investigated both cognitive and affective influences of alternative color combinations in a search task paradigm. The effects of re-mapping the existing, comparatively arbitrarily color codes of baggage X-ray images, were explored. Alternative color-codes were evaluated for improving the economy of visual search in X-ray baggage screening. Using a 2 x 2 between-groups design, the perceptual aspects of color-codes varying in degree of visual agreeability (accordant or discordant) and color contrast (high or low) were examined in terms of efficiency (reaction time) and effectiveness (detection accuracy). Three hypotheses were put forth; two postulated main effects for color contrast and for visual agreeability, and a third postulated an interaction. Additionally, for comparison purposes, a fifth group of participants was presented with a stimulus condition that represented the current industry standard for colorizing X-ray images. Out of 100 volunteers, data were usable for 95 participants who had been randomly assigned to one of five conditions. All participants were exposed to the same screening task. The screening task required participants to view 153 X-ray images in random order. Of these images, 36 contained a single threat item (knife, scissor, gun) among clutter. Analyses of variance revealed significant differences between conditions with respect to detection accuracy. Implications are that high-color contrast improves detection accuracy; specifically with respect to correct rejections, and that this effect on performance can be moderated by psycho-emotional mechanisms. Specifically, the impact of color-contrast was significantly more pronounced under conditions of accordant color combinations. Theoretical underpinnings and applications to other domains are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: CFE0000345, ucf:52835
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0000345

Title: X-ray Radiation Enabled Cancer Detection and Treatment with Nanoparticles.
Creator: Hossain, Mainul, Su, Ming, Behal, Aman, Gong, Xun, Hu, Haiyan, Kapoor, Vikram, Deng, Weiwei, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Despite significant improvements in medical sciences over the last decade, cancer still continues to be a major cause of death in humans throughout the world. Parallel to the efforts of understanding the intricacies of cancer biology, researchers are continuously striving to develop effective cancer detection and treatment strategies. Use of nanotechnology in the modern era opens up a wide range of possibilities for diagnostics, therapies and preventive measures for cancer management....
Show moreDespite significant improvements in medical sciences over the last decade, cancer still continues to be a major cause of death in humans throughout the world. Parallel to the efforts of understanding the intricacies of cancer biology, researchers are continuously striving to develop effective cancer detection and treatment strategies. Use of nanotechnology in the modern era opens up a wide range of possibilities for diagnostics, therapies and preventive measures for cancer management. Although, existing strategies of cancer detection and treatment, using nanoparticles, have been proven successful in case of cancer imaging and targeted drug deliveries, they are often limited by poor sensitivity, lack of specificity, complex sample preparation efforts and inherent toxicities associated with the nanoparticles, especially in case of in-vivo applications. Moreover, the detection of cancer is not necessarily integrated with treatment. X-rays have long been used in radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and also for imaging tumors inside the body using nanoparticles as contrast agents. However, X-rays, in combination with nanoparticles, can also be used for cancer diagnosis by detecting cancer biomarkers and circulating tumor cells. Moreover, the use of nanoparticles can also enhance the efficacy of X-ray radiation therapy for cancer treatment.This dissertation describes a novel in vitro technique for cancer detection and treatment using X-ray radiation and nanoparticles. Surfaces of synthesized metallic nanoparticles have been modified with appropriate ligands to specifically target cancer cells and biomarkers in vitro. Characteristic X-ray fluorescence signals from the X-ray irradiated nanoparticles are then used for detecting the presence of cancer. The method enables simultaneous detection of multiple cancer biomarkers allowing accurate diagnosis and early detection of cancer. Circulating tumor cells, which are the primary indicators of cancer metastasis, have also been detected where the use of magnetic nanoparticles allows enrichment of rare cancer cells prior to detection. The approach is unique in that it integrates cancer detection and treatment under one platform, since, X-rays have been shown to effectively kill cancer cells through radiation induced DNA damage. Due to high penetrating power of X-rays, the method has potential applications for in vivo detection and treatment of deeply buried cancers in humans. The effect of nanoparticle toxicity on multiple cell types has been investigated using conventional cytotoxicity assays for both unmodified nanoparticles as well as nanoparticles modified with a variety of surface coatings. Appropriate surface modifications have significantly reduced inherent toxicity of nanoparticles, providing possibilities for future clinical applications. To investigate cellular damages caused by X-ray radiation, an on-chip biodosimeter has been fabricated based on three dimensional microtissues which allows direct monitoring of responses to X-ray exposure for multiple mammalian cell types. Damage to tumor cells caused by X-rays is known to be significantly higher in presence of nanoparticles which act as radiosensitizers and enhance localized radiation doses. An analytical approach is used to investigate the various parameters that affect the radiosensitizing properties of the nanoparticles. The results can be used to increase the efficacy of nanoparticle aided X-ray radiation therapy for cancer treatment by appropriate choice of X-ray beam energy, nanoparticle size, material composition and location of nanoparticle with respect to the tumor cell nucleus.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: CFE0004547, ucf:49242
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004547

Title: Preliminary Validation of Handheld X-Ray Fluorescence (HHXRF) Spectrometry: Distinguishing Osseous and Dental Tissue from Non-Bone Material of Similar Chemical Composition.
Creator: Zimmerman, Heather, Schultz, John, Toyne, Jennifer, Sigman, Michael, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Forensic anthropologists normally examine bone from a variety of medicolegal contexts. The skeletal remains may in some cases be highly fragmented or taphonomically modified, making it difficult to sort bone from non-bone material. In these cases, the forensic anthropologist may rely on microscopic or destructive chemical analyses to sort the material. However, these techniques are costly and time-intensive, prompting the use of nondestructive analytical methods in distinguishing bone and...
Show moreForensic anthropologists normally examine bone from a variety of medicolegal contexts. The skeletal remains may in some cases be highly fragmented or taphonomically modified, making it difficult to sort bone from non-bone material. In these cases, the forensic anthropologist may rely on microscopic or destructive chemical analyses to sort the material. However, these techniques are costly and time-intensive, prompting the use of nondestructive analytical methods in distinguishing bone and teeth from non-bone materials in a limited number of cases. The proposed analytical techniques are limited in that they rely on an examination of the major elements in the material, and do not sort out all materials with a similar chemical composition to bone/teeth. To date, no methods have been proposed for the use of handheld X-ray fluorescence (HHXRF) spectrometry in discriminating human and nonhuman bone/teeth from non-bone materials. The purpose of this research was to develop a method for the use of HHXRF spectrometry in forensic anthropology specifically related to distinguishing human and nonhuman bone and teeth from non-bone materials of a similar chemical composition using multivariate statistical analyses: principal components analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). This was accomplished in two phases. Phase 1 consisted of a Reliability Test and involved sampling a single human long bone in thirty locations. Multiple spectra were collected at each location to examine the reliability of the instrument in detecting the elements both within a single site and between multiple sites. The results of the Reliability Test indicated that HHXRF consistently detected the major and minor elements found on the surface of a human bone. These results were used for Phase 2, designated the Accuracy Test, which involved analyzing a set of materials compiled from the literature to test the accuracy of the technique in discriminating bone (human and nonhuman) and non-bone samples (other biological and non-biological). The results of the Accuracy Test indicate that osseous and dental tissue can be distinguished from non-bone material of similar chemical composition with a high degree of accuracy (94%) when data is collected from several locations on a sample and analyzed separately during multivariate statistical analyses. Overall, it was not possible to discriminate rock apatite and synthetic hydroxyapatite (synthetic bone) from bone. However, this technique successfully discriminated other non-bone materials that are chemically similar to bone, such as ivory and octocoral, which previous methods focusing on only a comparison of Ca/P ratios were unable to distinguish from bone.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: CFE0004801, ucf:49736
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0004801

Title: Inversion of the Broken Ray Transform.
Creator: Krylov, Roman, Katsevich, Alexander, Tamasan, Alexandru, Nashed, M, Zeldovich, Boris, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: The broken ray transform (BRT) is an integral of a functionalong a union of two rays with a common vertex.Consider an X-ray beam scanning an object of interest.The ray undergoes attenuation and scatters in all directions inside the object.This phenomena may happen repeatedly until the photons either exit the object or are completely absorbed.In our work we assume the single scattering approximation when the intensity of the raysscattered more than once is negligibly small.Among all paths that...
Show moreThe broken ray transform (BRT) is an integral of a functionalong a union of two rays with a common vertex.Consider an X-ray beam scanning an object of interest.The ray undergoes attenuation and scatters in all directions inside the object.This phenomena may happen repeatedly until the photons either exit the object or are completely absorbed.In our work we assume the single scattering approximation when the intensity of the raysscattered more than once is negligibly small.Among all paths that the scattered rays travel inside the object we pick the one that isa union of two segments with one common scattering point.The intensity of the ray which traveled this path and exited the object can be measured by a collimated detector.The collimated detector is able to measure the intensity of X-rays from the selected direction.The logarithm of such a measurement is the broken ray transform of the attenuation coefficientplus the logarithm of the scattering coefficient at the scattering point (vertex)and a known function of the scattering angle.In this work we consider the reconstruction of X-ray attenuation coefficient distributionin a plane from the measurements on two or three collimated detector arrays.We derive an exact local reconstruction formula for three flat collimated detectorsor three curved or pin-hole collimated detectors.We obtain a range condition for the case of three curved or pin-hole detectors and provide a special caseof the range condition for three flat detectors.We generalize the reconstruction formula to four and more detectors and find anoptimal set of parameters that minimize noise in the reconstruction.We introduce a more accurate scattering model which takes into accountenergy shifts due to the Compton effect, derive an exact reconstruction formula and develop an iterativereconstruction method for the energy-dependent case.To solve the problem we assume that the radiation source is monoenergeticand the dependence of the attenuation coefficient on energy is linearon an energy interval from the minimal to the maximal scattered energy. %initial radiation energy.We find the parameters of the linear dependence of the attenuation on energy as a function of a pointin the reconstruction plane.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: CFE0005514, ucf:50324
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005514

Title: Load Transfer in an Isolated Particle Embedded within an Epoxy Matrix.
Creator: Durnberg, Erik, Raghavan, Seetha, Gou, Jihua, Bai, Yuanli, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Particulate composites are widely used in many aerospace applications such as protective coatings, adhesives, or structural members of a body and their mechanical properties and behavior have gained increasing significance. The addition of modifiers such as alumina generally leads to improved mechanical properties. This addition also enables the non-invasive study of the load transfer between the particle and the matrix. Understanding the load transfer between the particulate and the matrix...
Show moreParticulate composites are widely used in many aerospace applications such as protective coatings, adhesives, or structural members of a body and their mechanical properties and behavior have gained increasing significance. The addition of modifiers such as alumina generally leads to improved mechanical properties. This addition also enables the non-invasive study of the load transfer between the particle and the matrix. Understanding the load transfer between the particulate and the matrix material is the first step to understanding the behavior and mechanical properties of the composite as a whole. In this work, samples with an isolated alumina particle embedded in an epoxy matrix were created to replicate the ideal assumptions for many particulate mechanics models. In separate experiments, both photo stimulated luminescent spectroscopy (PSLS) and synchrotron radiation were used to collect the spectral emission and diffraction rings, respectively, from the mechanically loaded samples. The PSLS data and XRD data are shown to be in qualitative agreement that as particle size is increased, the load transferred to the particle also increased for the range of particle sizes tested. This trend of increasing load transfer with increasing particle size is compared with the classical Eshelby model. Results from this work provide experimental insight into the load transfer properties of particulate composites and can serve to experimentally validate the theoretical load transfer models that currently exist.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: CFE0005326, ucf:50535
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005326

Title: In-situ synchrotron studies of turbine blade thermal barrier coatings under extreme environments.
Creator: Knipe, Kevin, Raghavan, Seetha, Gordon, Ali, Kapat, Jayanta, Sohn, Yongho, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Thermal Barrier Coatings have been used for decades to impose a thermal gradient between the hot combustion gases and the underlying superalloy substrate in engine turbine blades. Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) is an industry standard high temperature ceramic for turbine applications. The protective coating is adhered to the substrate using a nickel based alloy bond coat. Through exposure to high temperature, a Thermally Grown Oxide (TGO) layer develops at the bond coat-YSZ interface. Large...
Show moreThermal Barrier Coatings have been used for decades to impose a thermal gradient between the hot combustion gases and the underlying superalloy substrate in engine turbine blades. Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) is an industry standard high temperature ceramic for turbine applications. The protective coating is adhered to the substrate using a nickel based alloy bond coat. Through exposure to high temperature, a Thermally Grown Oxide (TGO) layer develops at the bond coat-YSZ interface. Large residual stresses develop in these layers due to thermal expansion mismatch that occurs during cool down from high temperature spraying and cyclic operating conditions. Despite their standard use, much is to be determined as to how these residual stresses are linked to the various failure modes. This study developed techniques to monitor the strain and stress in these internal layers during thermal gradient and mechanical conditions representing operating conditions. The thermal gradient is applied across the coating thickness of the tubular samples from infrared heating of the outer coating and forced air internal cooling of the substrate. While thermal and mechanical loading conditions are applied, 2-dimensional diffraction measurements are taken using the high-energy Synchrotron X-Rays and analyzed to provide high-resolution depth-resolved strain. This study will include fatigue comparisons through use of samples, which are both 'as-coated' as well as aged to various stages in a TBC lifespan. Studies reveal that variations in thermal gradients and mechanical loads create corresponding trends in depth resolved strains with the largest effects displayed at or near the bond coat/TBC interface. Single cycles as well as experiments targeting thermal gradient and mechanical effects were conducted to capture these trends. Inelastic behavior such as creep was observed and quantified for the different layers at high temperatures. From these studies more accurate lifespan predictions, material behaviors, and causes of failure modes can be determined. The work further develops measurement and analysis techniques for diffraction measurements in internal layers on a coated tubular sample which can be used by various industries to analyze similar geometries with different applications.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: CFE0005640, ucf:50206
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005640

Title: Synthesis and Characterization of New Probes for use in Fluorescence and X-ray CT Bioimaging.
Creator: Tang, Simon, Belfield, Kevin, Miles, Delbert, Campiglia, Andres, Zou, Shengli, Cheng, Zixi, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: The pursuit of more suitable drugs intended for possible biological applications are a continuously growing topic of research within the scientific community. One of these suitable qualities includes the need for hydrophilicity and or some appropriate delivery system for the drug to enter into biological systems. A system of analyzing and following these compounds would then, however, be necessary to conduct any kind of mechanistic or interaction studies for he said drug within the biological...
Show moreThe pursuit of more suitable drugs intended for possible biological applications are a continuously growing topic of research within the scientific community. One of these suitable qualities includes the need for hydrophilicity and or some appropriate delivery system for the drug to enter into biological systems. A system of analyzing and following these compounds would then, however, be necessary to conduct any kind of mechanistic or interaction studies for he said drug within the biological system. Just to name a few, fluorescence and X-ray computed tomography (CT) methods allow for imaging of biological systems but require the need of compounds with specific qualities. Finally, even with a means of entering and following a oaded drug, it would not be complete without a way of targeting its intended location. Herein, the first chapter reports the synthesis and characterization of a fluorene-based pyridil bis-?-diketone compound with suitable one- and two-photon fluorescent properties and its encapsulation into Pluronic F127 micelles for the possible application of tracking lysosomes. Next the synthesis and characterization of a BODIPY-based fluorophore with excellent fluorescence ability is reported. This compound was conjugated to two triphenylphosphine (TPP) groups and is shown as a potential mitochondria probe within HCT-116 cells. Finally, the synthesis and characterization of diatrizoic acid (DA) based derivatives conjugated to silica nanoparticles, as well as unconjugated, are reported as potential CT contrast agents. The derivatives were also functionalized with maleimide moieties facilitating subsequent potential bioconjugation of a targeting protein via a thiol group.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: CFE0006056, ucf:50961
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0006056

Title: Growth and doping of MoS2 thin films for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
Creator: Abouelkhair, Hussain, Peale, Robert, Kaden, William, Stolbov, Sergey, Coffey, Kevin, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: MoS2 high absorption coefficient, high mobility, mechanical flexibility, and chemical inertness is very promising for many electronic and optoelectronic applications. The growth of high-quality MoS2 by a scalable and doping compatible method is still lacking. Therefore, the suitable dopants for MoS2 are not fully explored yet. This dissertation consists mainly of four main studies. The first study is on the growth of MoS2 thin films by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. Scanning...
Show moreMoS2 high absorption coefficient, high mobility, mechanical flexibility, and chemical inertness is very promising for many electronic and optoelectronic applications. The growth of high-quality MoS2 by a scalable and doping compatible method is still lacking. Therefore, the suitable dopants for MoS2 are not fully explored yet. This dissertation consists mainly of four main studies. The first study is on the growth of MoS2 thin films by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscope images revealed the growth of microdomes of MoS2 on top of a smooth MoS2 film. These microdomes are very promising as a broadband omnidirectional light trap for light harvesting applications. The second study is on the growth of MoS2 thin films by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). Control of sulfur vapor flow is essential for the growth of a pure phase of MoS2. Turning off sulfur vapor flow during the cooling cycle at 700 (&)#186;C leads to the growth of highly textured MoS2 with a Hall mobility of 20 cm2/Vs. The third study was on the growth of Ti-doped MoS2 thin films by LPCVD. The successful doping was confirmed by Hall effect measurement and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Different growth temperatures from 1000 to 700 ? were studied. Ti act as a donor in MoS2. The fourth study is on fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO) which has many technological applications including solar cells and transistors. FTO was grown by an aqueous-spray-based method. The main objective was to compare the actual against the nominal concentration of fluorine using SIMS. The concentration of fluorine in the grown films is lower than the concentration of fluorine in the aqueous solution.?
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: CFE0006847, ucf:51767
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0006847

$Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and Piezospectroscopy used for the Investigation of Individual Mechanical Effects from Environmental Contaminants and Oxide Layer Undulations in Thermal Barrier Coatings$

Title: Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and Piezospectroscopy used for the Investigation of Individual Mechanical Effects from Environmental Contaminants and Oxide Layer Undulations in Thermal Barrier Coatings.
Creator: Siddiqui, Sanna, Raghavan, Seetha, Bai, Yuanli, Gordon, Ali, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: The durability of Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) used on the turbine blades of aircraft and power generation engines has been known to be affected by sand particle ingression comprised of Calcium-Magnesium-Alumina-Silicate (CMAS). Previous studies have shown that these effects present themselves through variations in the thermomechanical and thermochemical properties of the coating. This study investigated the impact of CMAS ingression on the Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Topcoat (YSZ) and...
Show moreThe durability of Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) used on the turbine blades of aircraft and power generation engines has been known to be affected by sand particle ingression comprised of Calcium-Magnesium-Alumina-Silicate (CMAS). Previous studies have shown that these effects present themselves through variations in the thermomechanical and thermochemical properties of the coating. This study investigated the impact of CMAS ingression on the Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Topcoat (YSZ) and Thermally Grown Oxide (TGO) strain in sprayed Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) samples of varying porosity with and without CMAS ingression. In-Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction measurements were taken on the sample under thermal loading conditions from which the YSZ and TGO peaks were identified and biaxial strain calculations were determined at high temperature. Quantitative strain results are presented for the YSZ and TGO during a thermal cycle. In-plane strain results for YSZ near the TGO interface for a complete thermal cycle are presented, for a 6% porous superdense sample with CMAS infiltration. The outcomes from this study can be used to understand the role of CMAS on the strain tolerance of the TBC coating.It is well known that under engine operational conditions the development of the TGO layer, with large critical stresses, has been linked to failure of the coating. The growth of the TGO manifests as undulations in a series of peaks and troughs. Understanding the mechanics of the oxide layer at these locations provides significant information with respect to the failure mechanisms of the TBC coating. This study investigated the stress at the peak and trough of a TGO undulation for a cycled Dense Vertically Cracked (DVC) plasma sprayed TBC sample through photo-luminescence (PL) spectroscopy. High resolution nanoscale stress maps were taken nondestructively in the undulation of the TGO. Preliminary results from first line mapping of TGO peak and trough scan, at a resolution of 200 nm, have shown a non-uniform TGO stress variation. The results obtained from this study can be used to understand the stress variation in the peak and trough of a DVC sample's TGO undulation and how it contributes to the life of the TBC coating.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: CFE0005712, ucf:50136
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005712

Title: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STABLE AND METASTABLE PHASES IN Ni- AND Fe-BASED ALLOY SYSTEMS BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING.
Creator: Al-Joubori, Ahmed, Challapalli, Suryanarayana, Vaidyanathan, Raj, Gou, Jihua, Bai, Yuanli, Lin, Kuo-Chi, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Mechanical Alloying (MA) is a process that involves repeated cold welding, fracturing and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill and has been used extensively to synthesize both stable (equilibrium) and metastable phases in a number of alloy systems. This is due to its ability to achieve many effects simultaneously, viz., reduction in grain size, introduction of a variety of crystal defects, disordering of the lattice, and modifying the crystal structures of materials; all...
Show moreMechanical Alloying (MA) is a process that involves repeated cold welding, fracturing and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill and has been used extensively to synthesize both stable (equilibrium) and metastable phases in a number of alloy systems. This is due to its ability to achieve many effects simultaneously, viz., reduction in grain size, introduction of a variety of crystal defects, disordering of the lattice, and modifying the crystal structures of materials; all these allowing alloying and phase transformations to occur in powders. In this Dissertation, we have synthesized a number of different alloy phases in Ni- and Fe-based alloy systems using MA.The as-received, blended, and milled powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy techniques to obtain information about the overall microstructure and chemical compositions. The NiX2 (X = Ge and Si) phases were synthesized in the Ni-Ge and Ni-Si systems. MA of Ni-Ge powder blends was investigated to study phase evolution as a function of milling time. On milling the powders for 5 h, the equilibrium NiGe phase started to form, and its amount in the powder increased with increasing milling time. On milling for about 60 h, the equilibrium intermetallic NiGe and Ge powder particles reacted to form the metastable NiGe2 phase. However, on milling for a longer time (75 h), the metastable phase transformed back to the equilibrium NiGe phase.Synthesis of the NiSi2 intermetallic phase depended on the Si content in the initial powder blend. For example, while in the Ni-60 at.% Si powder blend, only the NiSi phase was present homogeneously, the powder blend of the Ni-67 at.% Si composition contained the NiSi phase along with a small amount of unreacted Si. But in the Ni-75 at.% Si and Ni-80 at% compositions, the NiSi phase that had formed earlier (after 2 h of milling) and the remaining free Si powder reacted to form the equilibrium intermetallic NiSi2 phase. This constitution in the milled powder has been attributed to a partial loss of Si content during MA. Formation of Ni(Si) solid solutions with a solubility of about 18.2 at.% and 20.6 at.% for the Ni-75 at.% Si and Ni-80 at.% Si powder blends, respectively, was also achieved in the early stages of MA.In the Fe-C system, we were able to synthesize ferrite, cementite, and mixtures of the two phases. We were able to obtain the Fe-C solid solution phase (ferrite) with a BCC structure and the cementite phase with an orthorhombic structure in the eutectoid Fe-0.8 wt. % C composition, while a homogeneous cementite phase had formed at the higher carbon content of Fe-7.0 wt. % C after 30 h of milling time.In the case of the Fe-18Cr-xNi (x = 8, 12, and 20) system, the current investigation showed that the phase constitution depended significantly on the Ni content in the powder blend. Whereas mostly the martensite or the ferrite and austenite phase mixture was present at lower Ni contents, a completely homogeneous austenite phase was present in the alloy with 20% Ni.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: CFE0006244, ucf:51059
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0006244

Title: Scandia and ceria stabilized zirconia based electrolytes and anodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells: Manufacturing and properties.
Creator: Chen, Yan, Orlovskaya, Nina, An, Linan, Chen, Quanfang, Sohn, Yongho, Raghavan, Seetha, Huang, Xinyu, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Scandia and ceria stabilized zirconia (10 mol% Sc2O3 (-) 1 mol% CeO2 (-) ZrO2, SCSZ) has superior ionic conductivity in the intermediate temperature range for the operation of solid oxide fuel cells, but it does not exhibit good phase stability in comparison with yttria stabilized zirconia (8 mol% Y2O3 (-) ZrO2, YSZ). To maintain high ionic conductivity and improve the stability of the electrolyte, layered structures with YSZ outer layers and SCSZ inner layers were designed, along with the...
Show moreScandia and ceria stabilized zirconia (10 mol% Sc2O3 (-) 1 mol% CeO2 (-) ZrO2, SCSZ) has superior ionic conductivity in the intermediate temperature range for the operation of solid oxide fuel cells, but it does not exhibit good phase stability in comparison with yttria stabilized zirconia (8 mol% Y2O3 (-) ZrO2, YSZ). To maintain high ionic conductivity and improve the stability of the electrolyte, layered structures with YSZ outer layers and SCSZ inner layers were designed, along with the referential electrolytes containing pure SCSZ or YSZ. The electrolytes were manufactured by tape casting, laminating, and pressureless sintering techniques. After sintering, while the thickness of YSZ outer layers remained constant at ~30 ?m, the thickness of inner layers of SCSZ for the 3-, 4- and 6-layer designs varied at ~30, ~60 and ~120 ?m, respectively. Selected characterizations were employed to study the structure, morphology, impurity content and the density of the electrolytes. Furthermore, in situ X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and Raman scattering were carried out to study the phase transition and lattice distortion during long-term annealing at 350 (&)deg;C and 275 (&)deg;C for SCSZ and YSZ, respectively, where the dynamic damping occurred when Young's modulus was measured.In YSZ/SCSZ electrolytes, thermal residual stresses and strains were generated due to the mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion from each layer of different compositions. They could be adjusted by varying the thickness ratios of each layer in different designs of laminates. The theoretical residual stresses have been calculated for different thickness ratios. The effect of thermal residual stress on the biaxial flexural strength was studied in layered electrolytes. The biaxial flexure tests of electrolytes with various layered designs were performed using a ring-on-ring method at both room temperature and 800 (&)deg;C. The maximum principal stress during fracture indicated an increase of flexural strength in the electrolytes with layered structure at both temperatures in comparison with the electrolytes without compositional gradient. Such an increase of strength is the result of the existence of residual compressive stresses in the outer YSZ layer. In addition, Weibull statistics of the strength values were built for the layered electrolytes tested at room temperature, and the effect of thermal residual stresses on Weibull distribution was established. The calculation of residual stress present at the outer layers was verified. The high ionic conductivity was maintained with layered electrolyte designs in the intermediate temperature range. It was also established that the ionic conductivity of layered electrolytes exhibited 7% (-) 11% improvement at 800 (&)deg;C due to the stress/strain effects, and the largest improvements in a certain electrolyte was found to nearly coincide with the largest residual compressive strain in the outer YSZ layer.In addition to the study of layered electrolytes, mechanical properties of porous Ni/SCSZ cermet were studied. The anode materials were reduced by 65 wt% NiO (-) 35 wt% SCSZ (N65) and 50 wt% NiO (-) 50 wt% SCSZ (N50) porous ceramics in the forming gas. Young's modulus as well as strength and fracture toughness of non-reduced and reduced anodes has been measured, both at room and high temperatures. High temperature experiments were performed in the reducing environment of forming gas. It was shown that while at 700 (&)deg;C and 800 (&)deg;C the anode specimens exhibited purely brittle deformation, a brittle-to-ductile transition occurred at 800 (-) 900 (&)deg;C, and the anode deformed plastically at 900 (&)deg;C. Fractography of the anode specimens were studied to identify the fracture modes of the anodes tested at different temperatures.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: CFE0005090, ucf:50750
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0005090

Title: DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF DEFORMATION IN SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS AND SELECTED ENGINEERING COMPONENTS.
Creator: RATHOD, CHANDRASEN, Vaidyanathan, Raj, University of Central Florida
Abstract / Description: Deformation phenomena in shape memory alloys involve stress-, temperature-induced phase transformations and crystallographic variant conversion or reorientation, equivalent to a twinning operation. In near equiatomic NiTi, Ti rich compositions can exist near room temperature as a monoclinic B19' martensitic phase, which when deformed undergoes twinning resulting in strains as large as 8%. Upon heating, the martensite transforms to a cubic B2 austenitic phase, thereby recovering the strain and...
Show moreDeformation phenomena in shape memory alloys involve stress-, temperature-induced phase transformations and crystallographic variant conversion or reorientation, equivalent to a twinning operation. In near equiatomic NiTi, Ti rich compositions can exist near room temperature as a monoclinic B19' martensitic phase, which when deformed undergoes twinning resulting in strains as large as 8%. Upon heating, the martensite transforms to a cubic B2 austenitic phase, thereby recovering the strain and exhibiting the shape memory effect. Ni rich compositions on the other hand can exist near room temperature in the austenitic phase and undergo a reversible martensitic transformation on application of stress. Associated with this reversible martensitic transformation are macroscopic strains, again as large as 8%, which are also recovered and resulting in superelasticity. This work primarily focuses on neutron diffraction measurements during loading at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Three phenomena were investigated: First, the phenomena of hysteresis reduction and increase in linearity with increasing plastic deformation in superelastic NiTi. There is usually a hysteresis associated with the forward and reverse transformations in superelastic NiTi which translates to a hysteresis in the stress-strain curve during loading and unloading. This hysteresis is reduced in cold-worked NiTi and the macroscopic stress-strain response is more linear. This work reports on measurements during loading and unloading in plastically deformed (up to 11%) and cycled NiTi. Second, the tension-compression stress-strain asymmetry in martensitic NiTi. This work reports on measurements during tensile and compressive loading of polycrystalline shape-memory martensitic NiTi with no starting texture. Third, a heterogeneous stress-induced phase transformation in superelastic NiTi. Measurements were performed on a NiTi disc specimen loaded laterally in compression and associated with a macroscopically heterogeneous stress state. For the case of superelastic NiTi, the experiments related the macroscopic stress-strain behavior (from an extensometer or an analytical approach) with the texture, phase volume fraction and strain evolution (from neutron diffraction spectra). For the case of shape memory NiTi, the macroscopic connection was made with the texture and strain evolution due to twinning and elastic deformation in martensitic NiTi. In all cases, this work provided for the first time insight into atomic-scale phenomena such as mismatch accommodation and martensite variant selection. The aforementioned technique of neutron diffraction for mechanical characterization was also extended to engineering components and focused mainly on the determination of residual strains. Two samples were investigated and presented in this work; first, a welded INCONEL 718 NASA space shuttle flow liner was studied at 135 K and second, Ti-6Al-4V turbine blade components were investigated for Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation. Lastly, also reported in this dissertation is a refinement of the methodology established in the author's masters thesis at UCF that used synchrotron x-ray diffraction during loading to study superelastic NiTi. The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center is a national user facility funded by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. W-7405-ENG-36. The work reported here was made possible by grants to UCF from NASA (NAG3-2751), NSF CAREER (DMR-0239512), Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation and the Space Research Initiative.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: CFE0000723, ucf:46608
Format: Document (PDF)
PURL: http://purl.flvc.org/ucf/fd/CFE0000723

synchrotron (4)	+ -
x-ray (3)	+ -
x-ray diffraction (3)	+ -
Cu (2)	+ -
TBC (2)	+ -

X-ray (2)	+ -
X-ray diffraction (2)	+ -
tomography (2)	+ -
AM (1)	+ -
Attosecond Laser (1)	+ -
Benzotriazole (1)	+ -
CAT scan (1)	+ -
Calcium-Magnesium-Alumina-Silicate (CMAS) (1)	+ -
Capillarity (1)	+ -
Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) (1)	+ -
Cone beam inversion (1)	+ -
Copper (1)	+ -
Detector Effects (1)	+ -
Dislocation Density (1)	+ -
Electrical properties (1)	+ -
Fe-based (1)	+ -
Fluorescence bioimaging (1)	+ -
Glycine (1)	+ -
Grain Size (1)	+ -
Grazing Incidence (1)	+ -
Hall effect (1)	+ -
High Harmonic Generation (1)	+ -
Hydrogen peroxide (1)	+ -
Inconel 718 (1)	+ -
Ionic conductivity (1)	+ -

University of Central Florida (21)	+ -
Raghavan, Seetha (5)	+ -
Bai, Yuanli (3)	+ -
Coffey, Kevin (3)	+ -
Sohn, Yongho (3)	+ -

Vaidyanathan, Raj (3)	+ -
Chang, Zenghu (2)	+ -
Gordon, Ali (2)	+ -
Gou, Jihua (2)	+ -
Katsevich, Alexander (2)	+ -
Tamasan, Alexandru (2)	+ -
Abouelkhair, Hussain (1)	+ -
Al-Joubori, Ahmed (1)	+ -
An, Linan (1)	+ -
Atanassova, Martina (1)	+ -
Barmak, Katayun (1)	+ -
Behal, Aman (1)	+ -
Belfield, Kevin (1)	+ -
Campiglia, Andres (1)	+ -
Challapalli, Suryanarayana (1)	+ -
Chen, Bo (1)	+ -
Chen, Quanfang (1)	+ -
Chen, Yan (1)	+ -
Cheng, Zixi (1)	+ -
Delfyett, Peter (1)	+ -
Deng, Weiwei (1)	+ -
Deshpande, Sameer Arun (1)	+ -
Dogariu, Aristide (1)	+ -
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